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ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS ;

» » *

OR,

UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE:

7

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VOLUME XXIV.

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS;

OR, AN

UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE.

7 /

T I L L O T S O N.

TILLEMONT (Louis Sebastian leNain de), a French ec¬ clesiastical writer, was born at Paris, in 1637. From early life he devoted himself to the study of ecclesiastical antiquity. Modest and diffident, as well as learned, he deferred taking priests’ orders till his 40th year ; and having done this, he declined all preferment, and retired first to Port-Royal-des- Champs, and then to Tillemont, near Vincennes, prosecut¬ ing his literary labours, and keeping in view his main ob¬ ject: he subjected himself at the same time to very rigid penitentiary discipline. His austerities and intense applica¬ tion debilitated his constitution to such a degree, that he died in 1698, at the age of 61 years.

The plan of his great work comprehended two parts, viz. the secular and the ecclesiastical history of the period of which he proposed to treat. Accordingly, the first part, entitled “ Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire Ecclesiastique des six premiers Siecles,” was comprised in 16 vols. 4to., of which four volumes were published in his life-time, and twelve more after his death. The other part, entitled “ L’His¬ toire des Empereurs et des autres Princes qui ont regne durant les six premiers Siecles de PEglise,” consists of 6 vols. 4to., the last being left in MS. and not published till 1738, finish¬ ing with the Emperor Anastasius. Dupin, though he disap¬ proves the method of Tillemont, observes, that great instruc¬ tion may be derived from his history, especially with respect to critical and chronological matters. His style merits no commendation. Gibbon, who often quotes his History of the Emperors, and praises his scrupulous accuracy, finds fre¬ quent occasion to censure his bigotry, and remarks, that ** he never dismisses a virtuous emperor without pronouncing his damnation.” Moreri. Gen. Bios'.

TILLENDORF, a large village of Prussian Silesia, in the circle ofBuntzlau, with 1000 inhabitants.

TILLER, s. Husbandman ; ploughman.

The worm that gnaws the ripening fruit, sad guest!

Canker or locust hurtful to infest

The blade ; while husks elude the tiller' s care.

And eminence of want distinguishes the year. Prior.

The rudder of a boat. The horse that goes in the thill : properly thillcr. A till ; a small drawer.

Search her cabinet, and thou shalt find

Each tiller there with love-epistles lin’d. Dry den.

A young timber-tree in a growing state : a technical word with woodmen. — -This- they usually make of a curved tiller. Evelyn.

TtLLIERES, a small town in the north of France, on the small river Arve, with 100.0 inhabitants, and manufactures of iron ; 5 miles north-east of Verneuil, and 22 south of Evreux.

TILLINGHAM, a parish of England, in Essex ; 2 miles south-by-west of Broadwell, near the sea. Population 760. Vol. XXIV. No. 1623.

TILLINGTON, a hamlet of England, in the parish of St. Mary, in Staffordshire.

TILLINGTON, a parish of England, in Sussex, near Pel- worth. Population 650.

TILLINGTON, a hamlet of England, in Herefordshire; 5 miles north-west-by-north of Hereford.

TILLOUTA, a town of Hindostan, province of Bahar, and district of Rotas It is pleasantly situated on the north-west bank of the river Soane. Lat. 24. 48. N. long. 84. 15. E.

TILLOTSON (John), a celebrated English prelate, de¬ scended from an ancient family in Cheshire, was the son of Robert Tillotson, a clothier at Sowerby, in the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, where he was born in the year 1630. In 1651, he was elected fellow of Clare-Hall, Cambridge; but retaining his attachment to the Presbyterian form of church government, he was received into the family of Edmund Prideaux, attorney-general to the Protector, as chaplain and tutor. He attended the Savoy conference in July 1661, and preached a sermon (the first which he preached) at their morning exercise in Cripplegate, in the month of September. Under the Act of Uniformity in 1662, to which he sab'mfttedj he became curate at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire. In 1664, he married the daughter of Dr. French, canon of Christchurch, by a sister of Oliver Cromwell; and in 1665, he was ap¬ pointed lecturer to the parish of St. Lawrence Jewry. His reputation as a preacher was very considerably increased at this time by his printed sermon, “ On the Wisdom of being religious.” His controversy on Popery commenced with the publication of his “ Rule of Faith,” in answer to a book written by a convert to the Romish church. In 1666, he took his degree of D.D., and in 1669 he was made a king’s chaplain, and was presented to a prebend of Canterbury. When king Charles, in 1672, issued a declaration for liberty of conscience, with a view of favouring the Roman Catholics, the bishops took the alarm, and recommended to the clergy to preach against popery. The king was displeased, and Tillotson, at a meeting of the clergy convoked bv the bishop of London, suggested the following apology for their con¬ duct : “ That since his majesty professed the Protestant re¬ ligion, it would be an unprecedented thing that he should forbid his clergy to preach in defence of a faith which they believed, and which he declared to be his own.” Soon after this he preached a sermon at Whitehall on the hazard of salvation in the church of Rome; and yet, offensive as this sermon must have been, he was advanced, in 1 672, to the deanery of Canterbury, which was followed, in 1673, by a presentation to a prebend of St. Paul’s. At this time he published Dr. Wilkins’s “ Principles of Natural Religion," with a recommendatory preface ; and the author, who died in his house, committed to him the disposal of his papers. A similar trust was reposed in him by Dr. Barrow. His dread of popery induced him, in 1680, to preach before the B king

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TIL

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king a sermon, afterwards published by the royal command, and entitled “ The Protestant Religion vindicated from the Charge of Singularity and Novelty.” In this sermon a paragraph was introduced which incurred the charge of in¬ tolerance. It was unworthy of Dr. Tillotson, and gave very general offence, both to the established clergy and Presby¬ terians. Tillotson was an ardent promoter of the Bill of Exclusion, nor would he concur in the address of the Lon¬ don clergy to the king on his declaration that he could not consent to such a bill. In 1682, he took occasion to vin¬ dicate the character of Dr. Wilkins from the aspersion of Anthony Wood, by a preface to a volume of sermons, which he published from the doctor’s MSS. He was also the editor, in 1683, of Dr. Barrow’s sermons, in 3 vols. fol. It has been regretted, as an inconsistency in the character of Til¬ lotson, that when in company with Burnet he attended lord Russel preparatory to his execution, they should urge this martyr to liberty to acknowledge tire absolute unlawfulness of resistance, though they were soon after decided friends to the revolution. By a “ Discourse against Transubstan- tiafion,” and another “ Against Purgatory,” he commenced a prolonged controversy with the Papists. After the settle¬ ment of the Prince of Orange at St. James’s, he was instru¬ mental in persuading the princess Anne, who consulted him, to acquiesce in giving up her claim to the crown during the life of William, in case of her sister’s dying before him. In 1689, he was appointed clerk of the closet to the king, and permitted to exchange the deanery of Canterbury for that of St. Paul’s. He failed in an attempt to introduce a new book of Homilies. In a sermon preached before the queen, against the absolute eternity of hell torments, he excited the resentment and opposition of the orthodox party ; but he was consecrated to the archbishopric of Canterbury in May 1691, and also in a little while sworn a member of the privy- council. From this time he became very obnoxious to the high church zealots, who attacked him in a variety of ways.

Among other charges against him, one was his attachment to Socinian principles, which seems to have had no other foundation than his rational defence of Christianity, and his friendship and intercourse with Locke, Limborch, and Le Clerc; and for repelling which, he caused to be republished, in 1693, four of his sermons “ On the Divinity and Incar¬ nation of our Saviour.” The archbishop’s assiduity and zeal in the duties of his exalted station wer'e highly exemplary and laudable. At length the period of his usefulness terminated, in consequence of a paralytic stroke, which seized him, No¬ vember, 1694, in the chapel of Whitehall, and which, on the fifth day, proved fatal, in the 65th year of his age. He left a widow, but no children ; and as he took no pains to accumulate property, his debts could not have been paid, if the king had not remitted his first-fruits. Tillotson’s ser¬ mons, though surpassed by the correctness and elegance of modern compositions in this department, and less perused than formerly, will not cease to be regarded as a valuable part of English literature. Gen. Biog.

TILLY, or St. Antoine, a seigniory of Lower Canada, in the county of Buckingham, and on the south side of the St. Lawrence.

TILLYCOULTRY, a parish of Scotland, in Clafckmanan- shire, of an oblong form ; 6 miles long and from 1 to 2 broad. Population 1025.

TILLYCOULTRY, a village of the above parish, seated at the foot of the Ochil hills, on the road from Stirling to Kin¬ ross ; 4 miles west of Dollar.

TILLYDUFF, Point, a cape of Scotland, on the north¬ east coast of the county of Aberdeen; 4 miles north-north¬ west of Rattery-IIead.

TI'LLYFALLY, or Ti'llyvali.ey, adv. [a hunting phrase borrowed from the French, ty a liillaut et vallcey, Venerie de Jacques Fouilloux, 1585, fol. 12. Douce.] A word used formerly when any thing said was rejected as trifling or impertinent. — Am not I consanguineous? Am not I of her blood ? t illy valley, lady ! Shakspeare.

Tl'LMAN, s. Onewhotiils; an husbandman.

Good shepherd, good tilman, good Jack and good Gil, Makes husband and huswife their coffers to fil. Tusser.

TILMANSTONE, a parish of England, in Kent; 5 miles west-by-south of Deal.

TILNEY ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, in Nor¬ folk ; 4 miles west-by-south of Lynn Regis. Population 374.

TILNEY ST. LAWRENCE, a parish in the same county, adjoining to the foregoing. Population 488.

TILSDOWN, a hamlet of England, in the parish of Dursley, Gloucestershire.

TILSHEAD, a parish of England, in Wiltshire; 4 miles south-south-east of East Lavington.

TILSIT, a considerable town of Prussian Lithuania ; 56 miles east-north-east of Konigsberg. It contains 9000 inha¬ bitants, and stands on the banks of two rivers, the Tilse, a small stream separating the town from the castle, and the Niemen, a great river which flows past the town by the north, and over which it has a bridge of boats. The inha¬ bitants are partly Catholics, but more Protestants. Its chief title to historical notice is from the treaty of peace concluded here on the 1st of July, 1807, between France on the one hand and Prussia on the other; 50 miles south -south-east of Memel. Lat. 55. 4. 30. N. long. 21. 56. 15. E.

TILSOP, a village of England, in Salop; 3 miles from Cleobury Mortimer.

TILSTOCK, a hamlet of England, in Salop; 3 miles south of Whitchurch.

TILSTON, a hamlet of England, in Cheshire; 12| miles south-south-east of Chester.

TILSTON FERNHALL, a hamlet of England, in Che¬ shire; 2j miles south-east of Tarporley.

TILS WORTH, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire; 3 miles north-west-bv-west of Dunstable.

TILT HAMMER, is a large and heavy hammer, adapted to be put in rapid motion by the power of a water-wheel or steam-engine.

TILT, a small rapid stream of Scotland, in Perthshire, which rises on the borders of Marr, and falls into the Garry near Blaircastle. It forms several romantic falls, of which that named “ the York cascade,’’ particularly attracts atten¬ tion.

TILT, s. [tylb, Saxon ; tiald, Icel., tentorium tegumen- tum navis ; tialllda, tentorium figere, aulreum exstruere. Se- renius.] A tent ; any support of covering overhead.

The roof of linnen.

Intended for a shelter !

But the rain made an ass

Of tilt and canvas.

And the snow, which you know is a melter. - Denham .

The cover of a boat. — It is a small vessel, like in propor¬ tion to a Gravesend tilt boat. Sandys. — A military game at which the combatants run against each other with lances on horseback.

His study is his tilt- yard, and his loves

Are brazen images of canonized saints. Shakspeare.

A thrust. — His majesty seldom dismissed the foreigner, till he had entertained him with the slaughter of two or three of his liege subjects, whom he very dexterously put to death with the tilt of his lance. Addison. — Inclination forward : as, the vessel is a tilt, when it is inclined that the liquor may run out. [from i Villen, Dutch. See the verb.]

To TILT, v. a. To cover like a tilt of a boat. To point as in tilts.

Ajax interpos'd

His seven-fold shield, and screen’d Laertes’ son,

When the insulting Trojans urg’d him sore

With tilted spears. Philips.

\tillen, Dutch.] To turn up so as to run out: as, the barrel is tilted ; that is, leaned forward.

To TILT, v. n. To run in tilts or tournaments.

To describe races and games,

Or tilting furniture, emblazon’d shields. Milton.

To fight with rapiers.

Friends

3

T I M

Friends all but even now; and then, but now —

Swords out and tilting one at other’s breasts.

In opposition bloody. Shakspeare.

To rush as in combat ; to strike as in combat. — Some say the spirits tilt so violently, that they make holes where they strike. Collier.— To play unsteadily.

The floating vessel swam Uplifted ; and secure with beaked prow Rode tilting o’er the waves. Milton .

To fall on one side.— As the trunk of the body is kept from tilting forward by the muscles of the back, so from falling backward by those of the belly. Grew.

TLLTEPEC, a settlement of Mexico, in the intendancy of Oaxaca, containing 109 families of Indians. It is also the name of two other inconsiderable settlements in Guatimala.

TI'LTER, s. One who tilts ; one who fights. — A puisny filter, that spurs his horse on one side, breaks his staff like a noble goose. Shakspeare.

TILTEY, a parish of England, in Essex ; 3 miles south- by-west of Thaxted.

TILTH, s. [fcilb, Saxon.] Husbandry; culture; tillage; tilled ground ; cultivated land. Dr. Johnson has mistakenly considered the word in Milton as an adjective; which Mr. Mason also has remarked.

Bourn ; bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none ;

No use of metal, com, or wine, or oil. Shakspeare.

TILTIL, a settlement of Chili, in the province of San¬ tiago.

TILTING of Steel, the process by which blistered steel, or steel in the raw state, is rendered ductile and fit for the purposes of various manufactures. Tilting consists in ham¬ mering or forging the steel by a large hammer called a tilt- hammer.

Steel is formed by two processes : one in which it is made at once from pig or crude iron in the finery, nearly in the same manner as making bar-iron : this is called natural steel. In the second process, malleable iron, in bars, is imbedded in charcoal or other corbonaceous matter, and exposed to a considerable heat, till the carbon is thought to have pene¬ trated sufficiently into the iron to have changed it into steel. This is called converting the iron by cementation with char¬ coal ; and the furnace in which the operation is performed is called a converting furnace.

TILTON, a parish of England, in Leicestershire; 10 j miles east- by-north of Leicester.

TILTS, a township of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire ; 4 miles north-by-west of Doncaster.

TIM, a small town of the central part of^Russia, in the government of Kursk, on the river Tim, with 2000 inha¬ bitants ; 39 miles east of Kursk.

TIMA, Taima, or Al Ablak, a town of Nedsjed, in Arabia ; 180 miles north-north- east of Medina.

TIMAAN, or Timoan, a small island, high and woody, situated off Ihe east coast of the Malay peninsula. Lat. 2. 52. N. long. 104. 5. E.

TIM2EUS, the Locrian, was a philosopher of the Italic .school, and flourished in the time of Plato, who derived from him principally the doctrine of Pythagoras, and whose book, entitled “ Timaeus,” was founded on his book “ On the Nature of Things.” Proclus preserved a small treatise of Timaeus “ On the Soul of the World,” and it is prefixed to some editions of Plato’s Timaeus. In this treatise, chiefly Pythagorean, he differs from Pythagoras in the following par¬ ticulars: viz., that, instead of one whole, or monad, he sup¬ poses two independent causes of nature, God and Mind, the source of intelligent nature, and Necessity or Matter, the original of bodies ; and that he explains the cause of the for¬ mation of the world, from the external action of God upon matter, after the pattern or ideas existing in his own mind. Upon a comparison of this piece with Plato’s Timasus, it will be found that the Athenian philosopher has obscured the simple doctrine of the Locrian with fancies drawn from his own imagination, or from the Egyptian schools.

B E R.

T1MAHOE, a small village of Ireland, in Queen’s county where an abbey was founded, and where also stands a round tower. In the rebellion of 1641, a sanguinary battle was fought near this village, between the insurgents and the English forces; 42§ miles north-west of Dublin.

TIMANA, a town of New Granada, in the province of Popayan. Lat. 2. 14. N. long. 75. 12. W.

TIMANTFIES, a famous Grecian painter, was, as it is said, a native of Cythnos, one of the islands called Cyclades, or of Sicyon, and flourished about the year B. C. 400: Pliny.

TIMAR, a tract or portion of land, which the grand signior grants to a person on condition of serving him in war, on horseback.

TIMARIOTS, those who enjoy lands on the footing of timars.

TIMAVO, a river in the north-east of Italy, which rises on the confines of Istria and Friuli, near St. Giovanni, and after a short course, falls into the bay of Trieste, near Diuno.

TI'MBER, s. [cimben, Sax., from tnnbpian, to build; Umbrian, Goth., the same.] Wood fit for building.

I learn’d of lighter timber cotes to frame.

Such as might save my sheep and me from shame. Spenser.

The main trunk of a tree.

We take

From every tree, lop, bark, and part o’the timber.

And though w'e leave it with a root thus hackt,

The air will drink the sap. Shakspeare.

The main beams of a fabric. Materials, ironically. — Such dispositions are the very errors of human nature, and yet they are the fittest timber to make politics of, like to knee timber, that is good for ships to be tossed, but not for houses that shall stand firm. Bacon.

TIMBER is properly that sort of wood produce which is useful and proper for the purposes of building, the construc¬ tion jof tools, implements, carriages, &c. ; or such large trees of different sorts as have reached their full or suitable states of growth, and are in condition fit for being cut down for use.

We shall here mention those kinds of timber that arc most serviceable, and give a brief view of the uses to which they are applied, referring to their several denominations for a further detail.

Oak will endure all seasons and weathers; there is no wood like it : hence its use in pales, shingles, posts, rails, boards, &c. For water-works, it is second to none; and where it lies exposed both to air and water, there is none equal to it.

Elm felled between November and February, is all spine or heart, and no sap ; and is of singular use in places where it either is always wet, or always dry : its toughness likewise makes it of use to wheelwrights, millwrights, &c.

Beech is used in turnery, joinery, upholstery, and the like, as being of a clean, white, fine grain, not apt to bend nor slit: it has been sometimes used for building-timber, and if it lie constantly wet, is judged to outlast oak.

Ash is good for building, or other occasions where it may lie dry : it serves the carpenter, cooper, turner, ploughwright, wheelwright, gardener; it is also used at sea for oars, hand¬ spikes, &c.

Fir, commonly known by the name of deal, is much used in building, especially within doors, for stairs, floors, wain¬ scot, and most works of ornament.

Walnut-tree is of universal use, excepting for the outsides of buildings : none is better for the joiner’s use, it being of a curious brown colour, and not subject to worms.

Chesnut-tree, next to oak, is the timber most sought for by joiners and carpenters. It is very lasting.

Service-tree, used in joinery, as being of a delicate grain, and fit for curiosities.

Poplar, abele and aspen, differing very little from one another, are much used instead of fir : they look as well, and are tougher and harder.

Alder is much used for sewers or pipes to convey water : when kept always wet, it grows hard like a stone ; but where sometimes wet, and sometimes dry, it rots presently.

The

4

TIMBER.

The uses of timber are so many, and so great, that the procuring of a sufficient supply of it extremely well deserves the care of every state.

In order to the preservation of our growing timber-trees, it has been proposed as a very useful law, that all who cut down any number of oaks, should also leave a number in good condition for after-cutting ; and that no timber should be cut down, but at a proper age, in regard to the nature of the soil ; since it is certain, that trees grow to their perfection at very different periods of time, in proportion to the depth of soil they have to grow in ; and that as it is, on the one hand, not for the interest of the state to suffer trees to be cut till at their perfection for size and soundness, so after they are arrived at their perfection, it is equally certain that they gradually decay.

The quality of the soil the tree stands in may be necessary to be observed to this purpose; but the quantity or depth of it is the great subject of inquiry; and a great number of observations has proved, that the proper season for cutting oaks, in a soil of two feet and a half deep, is at fifty years old ; those which stand in a soil of three feet and a half deep, should not be cut down before seventy years; and those which stand in a soil of four feet and a half deep, or more than that, will increase in goodness and in size till they are a hundred years old ; and observation has proved, that after these several periods, the trees begin to decay.

Many prudent managers have made fine estates of their coppice-woods, by regularly felling a certain portion every year, and providing for a renewal of the first cutting, against the felling of the last portion, by proportioning the time of growth to the quantity to be cut every year ; and there is great interest to be made of a true knowledge of the growth of -wood in this manner. Whoever observes the growth of young trees, will find that the second year’s growth is much more considerable than that of the first; the third year is more than that of the second, and so on for many years; the yearly growths of young wood greatly increasing every season up to a certain time or age of the tree, after which the increase in bulk, by growth, becomes gradually less. The best time to cut coppice-wood is at the end of the quick growth. Regular observation and experiment alone can ascertain this proper period; but any man who has much coppice-wood upon his estate, may assure himself of it, by cutting a given quantity every year, for ten years succes¬ sively, and then carefully reviewing the differences of the yearly produce. The raising and culture of every timber- tree will be found under their several names. Mr. Lou¬ don has thrown out some ingenious hints on this point. He says first, that every hedger and forrester knows, that furze and thorns, which have been cultivated in fields or hedges, are of a much softer or wider grain, and are much easier cut over with the hedge-bill, than such as spring up from seed in a wild scenery, and never undergo any sort of priming or cut¬ ting in, nor any kind of culture in any way. They know too, that in a common to be cleared of furze or thorns, or in a hedge to be cut over, there are some parts which require a much slighter stroke of the hedge-bill than others; and that those parts easiest to cut, are uniformly those where the plants have grown the quickest: gardeners experience the same thing in pruning or cutting over fruit-trees or shrubs. Thus the difference between the texture of the cultivated and the wild raspberry is, it is said, striking, though the stem of the one is nearly double the thickness of that of the other. In all the other of these cases, the stems of both are supposed alike in diameter and cleanness, or absence of knots; though the same thing would, it is thought, take place in a consider¬ able degree, even if the stem of the cultivated or quick grow¬ ing one were thicker than that of the other in the wild state. Supposing that there were no other proofs, this, it is con¬ tended, clearly shews that cultivation, or whatever tends to increase the growth of a tree, tends likewise to expand the vegetable fibre, but there are other concurring proofs, it is said, which demonstrate this, and at the same time shew, what few, it is supposed, will doubt, that when the vegetable fibre is expanded, or when the annual ringlets or circles of

wood, produced by a tree, are soft and larger than the general annual increase of such tree, the timber must be less hard, and more permeable by air, water, heat, and other mat¬ ters, and of course, inferior for all the purposes of timber.

Secondly, that it is well known that the common oak in Italy, where it grows faster than in this country, is compara¬ tively of short duration. And that the oak which grows on the mountains of the Highlands of Scotland is much harder and closer than any produced in England, though on these mountains it seldom attains one-tenth part of the size of English trees.

With respect to cutting out and side-lopping the branches, it appears certain that fir-trees, whenever they arrive at a cer¬ tain age, should be cut or lopped to a certain height ; and that for regulating thereof, the simple rule given below is re¬ commended : the cutting-in to commence when the trees are six years old, or when there is discernible five tier of boughs and the shoot ; the three lower tier of boughs are then to be taken off. After the first lopping or cutting-in, the trees to be let alone for four or five years, and then, and at every succeeding four or five years, the cuttings-in to be repeated, till the stem of the tree be clear to forty feet high, after which as to such side-lopping, it may be left to nature. The rule for the height of thinning and cutting-in, after the first time, to be half the extreme height of the tree, until they attain twenty years’ growth, and after that time, half the height of the tree, and as many feet more as it is inches in diameter at four feet from the ground. This cutting-out and retrenching the branches of such trees is known, from repeated observa¬ tions, it is said, not to be excessive: and that the rule is cal¬ culated to check the too tapering top, and for strengthening the slender bottom, by carryiug the cutting and retrenching to a greater proportionate degree, in a ratio compounded of the height and bottom bulk; and by this rule, too, it may be observed, that the trees will be at top clothed with some¬ what less than half their branches. The proper time for such cutting-in is, it is said, between September and April, and the tool to be employed in the business, the saw.

It is noticed, that orderly thinning the trees at certain pe¬ riods, when for timber, is the next essential to that of cutting- in and lopping their side branches ; and that for this purpose observations have been made on the most orderly and thriv¬ ing collections of this sort of trees, and the subsequent simple rule is laid down : keep the distance of the trees from each other equal to one-fifth of their height. In the application of this rule to this purpose, it is evident that each individual tree can never be made to comply, for the original distance (even if set out in the most regular order) will allow only for certain modifications, by taking out every other tree, and so on, but even if the obtaining such equal distance were practicable, experience would shew, it is thought, that another way should be preferred, of which the eye must be the judge, by baking out such trees as are least thriving, stand nearest to other good trees, &c. &c. at the same time beeping in view the rule laid down.

The foregoing rules are meant to apply to fir-timber only, but to a certain extent they may be applied to other timber ; though by no means in the same degree or age. But if had recourse to as far as the first fourteen years of their growth, and then such cutting and side-lopping be altogether omitted, and the thinning out very much increased, any collection of such timber-trees would be rendered much more valuable than if left to nature.

But Mr. Knight told the Royal Society that the solid tex¬ ture of the wood greatly depends upon the quantity of sap, and on the slowness of its descent. Now both these are, it is contended, materially increased by side-shoots or branches, which retain a large quantity of sap, and by their junction with the stem occasion a contraction and twisted direction of the vessels, that obstructs the progress of this juice.

Thence the necessity of considering fully the propriety of lopping timber trees, because though practical men appear in general to think of no other purpose than how to increase the quantity of timber; yet if solid and durable timber be the object to be gained, these measures must not be carried too far.

The

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The best season for felling timber depends much on the species ; fir is best felled when it begins to spring, both as it then quits its coat best, and as the wood is by that means rendered wonderfully durable in water. Elm should be felled between November and January, in which case it will be all heart, at least the sap will be very inconsiderable : this is also the only good season for felling ash. Oak from the end of March to the end of May.

There are several different modes made use of in felling or taking down timber, and they must necessarily be somewhat various, according to the nature, extent, and kind, of which the collection maybe. Groves of the fir or pine sort, or any single fir-tree of any kind, should at once be taken out by the roots. In woods, any timber-trees that may be cut down, should have their places as nearly as possible supplied by saplings, or any other proper sorts of young timber-trees. However, previous to the work of felling, the trees should be marked by a proper person ; in performing which, in a fall of timber, regard is to be had to the relative state of standing in the trees. In close timber-woods, the whole or nearly the whole may be marked and taken down ; as if some which appear flourishing be left standing, they will not only be liable and in danger of being hurt in taking the others down; but, in consequence of their situation in regard to exposure being changed, will no longer continue to flourish. As their atmosphere is not only thus altered, and rendered too cool, perhaps, for their acquired habit, by the removal of the adjoining trees; but they thereby get room to throw out side-shoots from their stems; in consequence of which their tops die, and their growth is irrevocably stinted. While, on the contrary, in open woods of the same kind, thin hedge¬ rows, and other open spaces, such timber-trees only as are ripe for the axe, or are suitable for the intended purpose, should be marked : the youthful growing trees being left to be benefited most probably by an increase of air and head room, in an atmosphere and exposure to which they are habituated and accustomed. On estates that are timbered, it is directed that they should be frequently gone over by proper persons, who, let the price and demand for the timber be what they may, should mark every tree which wears the appearance of decay. Where the demand is brisk, and the price high, he should go two steps further, and mark not only such as are full grown, but such also as are near perfection; for the interest of the money, the disin- cumbrance of the approaching young timbers, and the com¬ parative advantages of a good market, are not to be bartered for any increase of timber which can reasonably be expected from trees in the last stage of their growth.

In the work of felling timber, three distinct methods are practised and had recourse to in different cases ; as, first, that of cutting the trees above ground; severing them from their roots, by means of the axe or the saw ; leaving what are termed stools, to occupy the spots where they stood. Se¬ cond, that of cutting them, within the ground, with the axe and mattock ; but leaving the principal parts of the roots in the soil. And third, that of grubbing them up by the roots, by the use of the spade and mattock; thus throwing them down with the butts and large roots adhering to the stems. The preference to be given to one or other of the two first modes of taking down timber-trees, rests, it is said, chiefly on the nature of the future application of the land upon which they grow. If it be intended to remain in the state of woodland, the first method, or the second, if too much of the main roots be not cut away, is the best and most eligible. But if the land is to be cleared for the pur¬ poses of agriculture, where sufficient hands can be had for dispatching the business, the second is, by far, the best. The last is improper in most cases.

In speaking of oak-timber, the late bishop of Llandaff has given some useful and interesting remarks in regard to the disposal of it, in the introduction to the Agricultural Report of the State of the County of Westmoreland. Where profit is considered, it is said every tree should be cut down and sold, when the annual increase in value of the tree by its

Vol. XXIV. No. 1623.

growth, is less than the annual interest of the money it would sell for. This being admitted, it is only necessary to inquire into the annual increase in the value of oaks of different ages. After different statements, thirty-six shillings each are fixed upon as the price of trees that should be cut down and sold ; as, if they be cut down before they arrive at that value, or if they be allowed to remain until they will sell for a much higher price, the proprietor of the soil or land on which they grow will be a loser. It is noticed too, as being the general opinion, that it is more profitable to fell and sell oak-wood at fifty or sixty years’ growth, than to let it stand for navy timber to eighty or a hundred, owing to the low price that is now paid for oak-trees of large dimen¬ sions, either by the Navy Board or the East India Com- pany.

To TI'MBER, v. n. To light on a tree. A cant word. — The one took up in a thicket of brush-wood, and the other timbered upon a tree hard by. L' Estrange.

To TI'MBER, v. a. To furnish with beams or timber. TI'MBERED, adj. [ timbre , Fr.] Built; formed; con¬ trived.

His bark is stoutly timber'd , and his pilot

Of very expert and approv’d allowance. Shahspeare.

TIMBERLAND, a township of England, in Lincoln¬ shire ; 8 miles north- west-by-north of Sleaford. Population 370.

TIMBERSCOMBE, a parish of England, in Somerset¬ shire ; 3 miles west-south-west of Dunster. Population 388.

TI'MBERSOW, s. A worm in wood ; perhaps the wood louse. — Divers creatures, though they be loathsome to take, are of this kind ; as earth-worms, timbersows, snails. Bacon.

TIMBIO, a river of New Granada, in the province of Popayan, which enters the Patia. It has a settlement of the same name on its shore.

TIMBLE, Great and Little, townships of England, West Riding of Yorkshire ; miles north-by-west of Otley.

TIMBO, a small seaport on the Grain coast of Africa. Lat. 5. 28. N. long. 9. 20. W.

TIMBOI, a small river of the province and government of Buenos Ayres, which runs east, and enters the Uruguay.

TI'MBREL, s. [ Timbrel is perhaps a corruption of tam¬ bour, or tambourine, written also timburine. Tocld.~\ A kind of musical instrument played by pulsation.

The damsels they delight.

When they their timbrels smite.

And thereunto dance and carol sweet. Spenser.

TI'MBRELLED, adj. Sung to the sound of the timbrel.

In vain with timbrell'd anthems dark

The sable-stoled sorcerers bear his worshipt ark. Milton.

TIMBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, in the parish of Kingsbury Episcopi, Somersetshire.

TI'MBURINE. See Tambourine.

TIME, s. [cim, tima, Saxon ; tima, Icel. ; tym, Erse ; timme, Swedish.] The measure of duration.

Come what come may.

Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.

Shahspeare.

Space of time. — He for the time remain’d stupidly good. Milton. — Interval. — Pomanders, and knots of powders, you may have continually in your hand ; whereas perfumes you can take but at times. Bacon. — Life considered as em¬ ployed, or destined to employment. — A great devourer of his time, was his agency for men of quality. Fell. — Sea¬ son ; proper time.

I hope I come in time, if not to make,

At least, to save your fortune and your honour. Dry den.

A considerable space of duration ; continuance ; process of time.

Fight under him, there’s plunder to be had ;

A captain is a very gainful trade :

And

6

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And when in service your best days are spent.

In time you may command a regiment. Dryden.

Age ; part of duration distinct from other parts. — The way to please being to imitate nature, the poets and the painters, in ancient tunes, and in the best ages, have studied her. Dryden. — Past time. — I was the man in th’ moon when time was. Shakspcare. — Early time. In this sense time seems, as Mr. Bagshaw also has observed, barbarously employed like plenty for plentiful , Ray writes timely enough : “ Many words, had they come timely enough, might have been useful to me.” Pref. to his Collect, of Eng. Words. — Stanley at Bosworth field, shough he came time enough to save his life, yet he staid long enough to endanger it. Ba¬ con. — Time considered as affording opportunity.

Time is lost, which never will renew,

While we too far the pleasing path pursue,

Surveying nature. Dryden.

Particular quality of some part of duration.

Comets, importing change of times and states.

Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky. Shakspeare.

Particular time.

Give order, that no sort of person

Have, any time, recourse unto the princes. Shakspcare.

Hour of childbirth. — She intended to stay till delivered ; for she was within one month of her time. Clarendon. — Repetition of any thing, or mention with reference to repe¬ tition. — Four times he cross’d the car of night. Milton.— Musical measure.

Music do I hear !

Ha, ha ! keep time. How sour sweet music is

When time is broke, and no proportion kept. Shakspcare.

To TIME, v. a. To adapt to the time ; to bring or do at a proper time. — A man’s conviction should be strong, and so well timed, that worldly advantages may seem to have no share in it. Addison. — To regulate as to time.

To the same purpose old Epopeus spoke.

Who overlook’d the oars, and tim'd the stroke. Addison.

To measure harmonically.

He was a thing of blood, whose every motion

Was tim'd with dying cries. Shakspeare.

TI'MEFUL, ad). Seasonable; timely; early. — If this arch-politician find in his pupils any remorse, any feeling of God’s future judgments, he persuades them that God hath so great need of men’s souls, that he will accept them at any time, and upon any condition; interrupting, by his vigilant endeavours, all offer of timeful return towards God. Ram legh.

TI'MEKEEPER, or Ti'mepiece, s. A watch or clock that keeps good time. Ash. — Messieurs Wales and Bailey made observations on Drake’s Island to ascertain the latitude and longitude, and for putting the time-pieces or watches in motion. Cook.

TI'MELESS, adj. Unseasonable ; done at an improper time.

Nor fits it to prolong the heavenly feast

Timeless, indecent, but retire to rest. Pope.

Untimely ; immature ; done before the proper time.

A pack of sorrows, which would press you down.

If unprevented, to your timeless grave. Shakspeare.

Endless.

[They] headlong rush

To timeless night and chaos, whence they rose. Young.

TI'MELESSLY, adv. Before the natural time ; unseason¬ ably.

O fairest flower, no sooner blown but blasted.

Soft silken primrose, fading tunelessly. Milton.

TI'MELINESS, s. The state or circumstance of being timely. Scott.

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TIMELKAM, a small town of Upper Austria, on the river Ager ; 3 miles west of Vocklabruck.

TI'MELY, adj. Seasonable ; sufficiently early.

The west glimmers with streaks of day,

Now spurs the lated traveller apace

To gain the timely inn. Shakspeare.

Keeping measure, time, or tune. Not in use.

And many bards, that to the trembling chord

Can tune their timely voices cunningly. Spenser.

TI'MELY, adv. Early ; soon.

The beds i’ th’ East are soft, and thanks to you,

That call’d me timelier than my purpose hither.

Shakspeare.

TI'MEPLEASER, s. One who complies with prevailing opinions whatever they be.

Scandal, Ihe suppliants for the people, call them Timepleascrs, flatterers, foes to nobleness. Shakspeare.

TIMERYCOTTA, a town and fortress of the south of India, province of the Carnatic, and district of Palnaud. Six miles distant from this place is a cataract of 60 feet high, from which the water falls into a basin 120 feet in breadth, the banks of which are ornamented with a number of small Hindoo temples. Lat. 16. 35. N. long. 79. 25. E.

TI'MESERVER, s. One who meanly complies with present power. — That which politics and time-servers do for earthly advantages, we will do for spiritual. Bp. Hall.

TI'MESERVING, s. Mean compliance with present power. — If such by trimming and timeserving, which are but two words for the same thing, abandon the church of England; this will produce confusion. South.

Tl'MID, adj. [; timidus, Lat.] Fearful ; timorous ; want¬ ing courage; wanting boldness. — Poor is the triumph o’er the timid hare. Thomson.

TIMl'DITY, s. [iimidite, Fr. ; timiditas, Lat.] Fearful¬ ness; timorousness; habitual cowardice.

Thus in the field the royal host did stand,

None fainting under base timiditie ,

But ready bent to use of their running hand

Against the force of forren enemie. Mir. for Mag.

TIMISCOUATA, a lake of Canada, in Cornwallis county, 22 miles in length, by the average breadth three quarters of a mile, encompassed in all directions by lofty mountains covered with thick wood almost down to its margin. To this lake there is a portage from the St . Lawrence, by means of which the communication is carried on between Quebec and Halifax, a distance of 627 miles.

TI'MIST, s. One who complies with the times ; a time¬ server. — A timist is a noun adjective of the present tense. He hath no more of a conscience than fear, and his religion is not his but the prince’s. He reverenceth a courtier’s ser¬ vant’s servant. Overbury. — One who keeps time in music. — Guardini was an excellent timist. Dr. Burney.

TIMMIA. This name is applied to a genus of mosses by Hedwig.

TIMMISKAMAIN LAKE, in Lower Canada, is about 30 miles long, and 10 broad, having several small islands. Its waters empty into Utawas river, by a short and narrow channel, 30 miles north of the north part of Nepissing lake. The Indians named Timmisicamaings reside round this lake.

TIMOLEON, a distinguished example of patriotism and attachment to liberty, was of noble parentage, and a native of Corinth. See Corinth.

TIMQLIN, a village of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, near which are the ruins of Moone abbey; 29 miles south¬ west of Dublin.

T1MON, the Philiasian, a disciple of Pyrrho, flourished in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and lived to the age of ninety years. At an early age he visited Megara, for the advantage of Stilpo’s instructions in dialectics, and afterwards removed to Elea, where he became a hearer of Pyrrho. He

first

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first professed philosophy at Chalcedon, and afterwards at Athens, where he remained till his death. He took so little pains to invite disciples to his school, that it has been said of him, that as the Scythians shot flying, Timon gained pu¬ pils by running from them. This indifference to his profes¬ sion was probably owing to his love of ease and indulgence ; for he was fond of rural retirement, and so much addicted to wine, that he held a successful contest with several cele¬ brated champions in drinking. This disposition probably led him to embrace the indolent doctrine of sceptism. He seems to have treated the opinions and disputes of the phi¬ losophers with contempt, for he wrote with sarcastic humour against the whole body. His poem, entitled “ Silli,” often quoted by the ancients, was a keen satire, abounding with bitter invectives against men and doctrines. The remaining fragments of this poem have been industriously collected by Henry Stephens, in his “ Poesis Philosophica.” The public succession of professors in the Phyrric school terminated with Timon. Brucker by Enfield.

TIMONEER, or Timoxier, [Fr.] The helmsman.

TIMOPHEEVA, a village of Asiatic Russia, in the go¬ vernment of Irkoutsk, on the Ilim ; 32 miles north-west of Vercholensk.

TIMOR, the southernmost and largest of the Molucca islands, in the eastern seas. Its extent is more considerable than the charts usually represent it, being little less than 250 miles in a north-eastern direction, by from 30 to 60 in breadth. The interior part is a chain of mountains, some of which nearly equal the peak of Teneriffe in elevation ; whilst the shores on the south-east side are exceedingly low, and over-run with mangroves. Gold is said to be contained in the mountains, and to be washed down the streams; but the natives are so jealous of Europeans gaining any knowledge of it, that at a former period, when forty men were sent by the Dutch to make search, they were cut off-. There were formerly several Portuguese establishments on the north side of the island, of which Diely and Leffow still remained ; but these had all gradually declined, and the governor of Diely was then said to be the sole white Portuguese resident on the island. The Dutch have made some attempts to establish Christianity, but with very little success, the natives mostly remaining in their original ignorance. Lat. 10. 22. S. long. 123.29. E.

TIMOR LAUT, an island in the Eastern seas; about 70 miles long, by 25 the average breadth. It is situated between the 7th and 8th degreesof south lat. and the 132d and 133d of east long.

TI'MOROUS, adj. [ timor , Lat.] Fearful ; full of fear and scruple.

The infant flames, whilst yet they were conceal’d In tim'rous doubts, with pity I beheld ;

With easy smiles dispell’d the silent fear,

That durst not tell me what I died to hear. Prior.

TI'MOROUSLY, ado. Fearfully; with much fear.

We would have had you heard The traitor speak, and timorously confess The manner and the purpose of his treasons. Shakspeare.

TI'MOROUSNESS, s. Fearfulness. — Tbnorousness and bashfulness hinder their proceedings. Burton.

TIMOTEO (Da Urbino), whose real name was T. della Vite, was born at Urbino, in 1470. He received his educa¬ tion as an artist under F. Francia, at Bologna, but at the age of twenty-six returned to his native city, whence he soon after went to Rome to see his countryman, Raphael, and the great works in the Vatican w’hich had recently ac¬ quired for him so much renown. Raphael employed him in painting the Sibyls in the church of La Pace, and was sa¬ tisfied of his ability in the performance : so much so, that he allowed him to retain the cartoons. After this he re¬ turned to Urbino, and there executed several great works for the cathedral and other public buildings. His most esteemed works are, the Conception, in the church of the Osservanti,

TIN 7

at Urbino ; and Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen, in S. Angeli, at Cagli. He died in 1524, aged 54.

TIMOTHEUS, one of the most celebrated poet- musicians of antiquity, was born at Miletus, an Ionian city of Caria, 246 B. C. He was contemporary with Philip of Macedon, and not only excelled in lyric and dithyrambic poetry, but in his performance upon the cithara. According to Pausanias, he perfected that instrument by the addition of four new strings to the seven which it had before ; though Suidas says it had nine before, and that Timotheus only added two, the tenth and eleventh, to that number.

It appears from Suidas, that the poetical and musical compositions of Timotheus were very numerous, and of va¬ rious kinds. He attributes to him nineteen nomes, or can¬ ticles in hexameters; thirty -six proems, or preludes ; eighteen dithryambics ; twenty-one hymns ; the poem in praise of Diana ; one panegyric ; three tragedies, the Persians, Phini-

das, and Laertes ; to which must be added a fourth, men¬ tioned by several ancient authors, called “ Niobe,” without forgetting the poem on “ The Birth of Bacchus.”

A musician so long eminent as Timotheus, must have ex¬ cited great desire in young students to become his pupils ;

but, according to Bartholinus, he used to exact a double price from all such as had previously received instructions from any other master ; saying, that he would rather instruct those who knew nothing, for half price, than have the trouble of unteaching such as had already acquired bad habits, and an incorrect and vicious manner of playing.

Timotheus died in Macedonia, according to Suidas, at the age of ninety-seven.

T1MOTI, a river of Darien, which rises in the mountains of the north coast, and running south-west, enters the Chu- cunaqui.

TI'MOUS, adj. Early ; timely. Obsolete. — By a wise and timous inquisition, the peccant humours and humourists must be discovered, purged, or cut off". Bacon.

TIMPERLEY, a township of England, in Cheshire ; 8£ miles north-north-east of Nether Kntitsford. Population 624.

TIMSBURY, a parish of England, in Southamptonshire ; 2 J miles north-by-west of Romsey. — 2. A parish in Somerset¬ shire; -5 miles south-east- by-south of Pensford.

TIMUR-HISSAR, a small town of European Turkey, in Romania, sandgiakatof Salonica, with astrong castle situated on a rock.

TIM WORTH, a parish of England, in Southamptonshire, near Basingstoke. — 2. A parish in Suffolk ; 4 miles north-by¬ east of St Edmund’s Bury.

TIN, s. [ten, Dutch.] One of the primitive metals. — Quicksilver, lead, iron, and tin, have opacity or blackness. Pea eh am.

The most considerable repository of tin-ore in Europe is that of Cornwall. The greatest part of the tin consumed in Europe is procured from thence ; and Camden even sup¬ poses this abundance of tin in Cornwall and Devonshire, to have given the original denomination Britain to the whole kingdom. In the Syriac language, varatanac, or bara- tanac, signifies land of tin; from which Bochart derives the name Britain.

Tin is found in Europe, Asia, and America, but has not hitherto been discovered in the continent of Africa. This metal is much less generally disseminated than gold, silver, iron, copper, or lead ; but where it occurs, it is most fre¬ quently in large quantities.

To TIN, v. a. To cover with tin. — To keep the earth from getting into the vessel, he employed a plate of iron tinned over and perforated. Boyle.

TINACO, a river of New Granada, in the province of Ve¬ nezuela, which enters the Portuguesa. It has a settlement of the same name on its banks.

TINAMASAKI, a town of Niphon, in Japan. Lat. 34. 12. N. long. 136. 55. E.

TINAQUILLO, a settlement of the Caraccas, in the pro¬ vince of Venezuela, situated on the shore of the river Caxede, south of the city of Valencia.

J TINCA,

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8 TIN

TINCA, the Tench, in Ichthyology. See Cvprinus.

TINCA MARINA, the sea tench, a name given by some authors to the common turdus.

TI'NCAL, s. A mineral. — The tincal of the Persians seems to be the chrysocolla of the ancients, and what our borax is made of. Woodward

TINCHEBRA, a small town in the north of France, de¬ partment of the Orne, on the river Noireau. Population 3000 ; 14 miles north of Domfront, and 30 west of Argentan.

To TINCT, v. a. [ tinctus , Lat.; feint, Fr.] To stain ; to colour ; to spot ; to die. — Some were tincted blue, some red, others yellow. Brown. — To imbue with a taste. — We have artificial wells made in imitation of the natural, as tincted upon vitriol, sulphur and steel. Bacon.

TINCT, part. Coloured ; stained. — The blue in black, the green in gray, is tinct. Spenser.

TINCT, s. Colour ; stain ; spot.

That great med’cine hath

With his tinct gilded thee Skakspeare.

TI'NCTURE, s. [ teinture , Fr. ; tinct ura from tinctus , Latin.] Colour or taste superadded by something.

Hence the morning planet gilds her horn ;

By tincture or reflection they augment

Their small peculiar. . Milton.

Extract of some drug made in spirits. — In tinctures drawn from vegetables, the superfluous spirit of wine distilled oft' leaves the extract of the vegetable. Boyle.

To TI'NCTURE, v. a. To imbue or impregnate with some colour or taste.

The bright sun compacts the precious stone,

Imparting radiant lustre like his own ;

He tinctures rubies with their rosy hue,

And on the sapphire spreads a heavenly blue. Blachnore.

To imbue the mind — Early were our minds tinctured with a distinguishing sense of good and evil ; early were the seeds of a divine love, and holy fear of offending, sown in our hearts. Atterbury.

TINCULEN, or Tinzulen, a village of Tafilet, in the southern part of Morocco ; 120 miles south-west of Tafilet.

To TIND, v. a. [ tandjan , M. Goth. ; taenda, Su. Goth.; cenban, Sax., from the Celt and Welsh, tan, fire. Wachter, and Sereniusi] To kindle; to set on fire. — As one candle tindeth a thousand. Bp. Sanderson.

TENDER, s. [cynbpe, eenbpe, Saxon.] Any thing emi¬ nently inflammable placed to catch fire.

Strike on the tinder, ho !

Give me a taper. Shakspeare.

TI'NDERBOX, s. The box for holding tinder.

That worthy patriot, once the bellows,

And tinderbox of all his fellows. Hudibras.

TI'NDERLIKE, adj. Inflammable as tinder. — I am known to be a humorous patrician ; hasty and tinderlike upon too trivial motion. Shakspeare.

TINE, s. [tindr. Icel. ; tinne, West Goth, from the Goth. taunn, tenn, a tooth, Serenius ; cinbap, Sax., occse rastri .] The tooth of a harrow ; the spike of a fork. — In the southern parts of England they destroy moles by traps that fall on them, and strike sharp tines or teeth through them. Mor¬ timer. — Trouble ; distress. See Teen.

The tragical effect,

Vouchsafe, O thou the mournful’st muse of nine.

That wont’st the tragic stage for to direct,

In funeral complaints and wailful tine. Spenser.

To TINE, v. a. [tynan, Saxon. See To Tind.] To kindle; to light; to set on fire.

The priests with holy hands were seen to tine

The cloven wood, and pour the ruddy wine. Dry den.

[cinan, Saxon, to shut.\ To shut; to fence or enclose. doles, and Grose.

To TINE, v. n. To rage; to smart. Not now in use.

Eden though but small Yet often stainde with blood of many band Of Scots and English both, that tyned on his strand. Spenser.

TINEDALE, a valley of England, in the county of North¬ umberland, watered by the North Tyne, which separates it from Redesdale on the North. It was made a barony by Henry I. Several battles have been fought here, whereof memorials remain, both British and Pictish.

TINEN, or THiNEH,the ruins of a city in Lower Egypt, situated upon the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. This branch is now reduced to little more than a channel of mud, travers¬ ing a smooth, barren, and naked plain. The castle of Tineh, which appears to have been built about the time of the con¬ quest of Selim, is now falling to ruins. Lat. 30. 55. N. long. 32. 30. E.

TINEH, a small town of Tripoli, in Africa, is situated on thegulphof Sidra, or Syrtis. Lat. 30. 5. N. long. 19. 12. E.

TINMAN, or Tienman, s. Of old a petty officer in the forest, who had the nocturnal care of vert and venison, and other servile employments. Cowel.

TINE WALD, the parliament or annual convention of the people of the Isle of Man, of which this account is given : — the governor and officers of that island do usually summon the twenty -four keys, being the chief commons of it, once every year, viz., upon Midsummer-day, at St. John’s cha¬ pel, to the court kept there, called the tinewald-court ; where, upon a hill near the said chapel, the inhabitants of the island stand round about the plain adjoining: and here the laws and ordinances, agreed upon in the chapel of St. John, are published and declared unto them. At this so¬ lemnity the lord of the island sits in a chair of state, with a royal canopy over his head, and a sword held before him, attended by the several degrees of the people, who sit on each side of him, &c.

To TING, v. n. [from the sound ; t inter, Fr.] To ring; to sound as a bell. Cotgrave, and Sherwood.

TING, s. A sharp sound: as, the ting of a bell. Sher¬ wood. — The little bell of a church is in several places called the ting tang.

TING, a city of China, of the second rank, in Pe-chee-lee. Lat. 38. 32. N. long. 114. 39. E.

TINGANO, a small river on the eastern coast of Malacca, which falls into the sea of China. Lat. 5. 27. N. long. 103. 9. E.

TING-CHAN, a town of Corea; 30 miles south-east of Haimen.

To TINGE, v. a. [ tingo , Lat.] To impregnate or imbue with a colour or taste. — Sir Roger is something of an hu¬ mourist ; and his virtues as well as imperfections are tinged by a certain extravagance which makes them particularly his. Addison.

TI'NGENT, adj. [tin gens, Lat.] Having the power to tinge.— This wood, by the tincture it afforded, appeared to have its coloured part genuine ; but as for the white part, it appears much less enriched with the tingent property. Boyle.

TINGEWICK, a parish of England, in Buckinghamshire ; 2f miles west-by-south of Buckingham. Population 711.

TING-FAN, a city of China, of the second rank, in Koeit- choo. Lat. 26. 5. N. long. 106. 4. E.

TINGI, a cluster of small islands in the Chinese sea, near the eastern coast of Malacca. Lat. 2. 23. N. long. 104. 21. E

TI'NGLASS, 5. Bismuth.

To TINGLE, v. n. [tingelen, Dutch.] To feel a sound, or the continuance of a sound, in the ears. This is perhaps rather tinkle ; which see. — -The ears of every one that hear- eth it shall tingle . 1 Sam. — To feel a sharp quick pain

with a sensation of motion. — The pale boy senator yet tingling stands. Pope. — To feel either pain or pleasure with a sensation of motion. The sense of this word is not very well ascertained. — They suck pollution through their tingling veins. Ttckell.

TINGLING, s. A kind of pain or pleasure with a sen¬ sation of motion ; a noise in the ears — A kind of sleeping in the blood, a whoreson tingling. Shakspeare.

TINGO,

TIN

TINGO, two small settlements of Peru, onein the province of lea, the other in that of Chachapayas.

TINGORAN, a small island of the Chinese sea, near the eastern coast of Malacca; Lat. 4. 8. N. long. 103, 33. E.

TINGRITH, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire ; 4 miles east-by-south of Woburn.

TINGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fokien, situated among the mountains which separate it from Kiangsee. Some of these are excessively high, and supposed to contain mines of gold, which, how¬ ever, are not worked. The district yields abundantly all necessaries j but the air is unhealthy. Lat. 25. 48. N. long. 116. 4. E.

TING U AY, a river of Chili, in the province of Maule which runs west, and enters the Maule.

TINGUIND1N, or Tinguirindin, an inconsiderable settlement of Mexico, in the intendancy of Valladolid ; 140 miles west-by-south of Mexico.

T1NGUIRIRICA, a river of Chili, which joins the river Rapel, 15 miles from its mouth, it is noted for the lament¬ able accidents which have happened to those who have at¬ tempted to cross it when flooded.

TINGWALL, Weisdalf. and Whiteness, united pa¬ rishes of Scotland, which lie in the mainland of Shetland, and extend 10 miles in length, by 5 in breadth, deeply intersected by the sea. Population 1927.

TINIAN, one of the Landrone islands, in the North Pacific ocean, about 42 miles in circumference first discovered by the crew of a Manilla ship, which was cast away here in the year 1638.

Tinian was once a flourishing island, and contained 30,000 inhabitants. An epidemical disorder having carried off a great proportion of these, the remainder, by the bar¬ barous policy of the Spaniards, were transferred to other islands. The island being thus left desolate, was soon over¬ run with the luxuriant vegetation of the tropical regions.

TINICUM, a township of the United States, in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, above Salebury. Population 249.

TIN1SCHT, a small town in the east of Bohemia; 73 miles east of Prague, and 11 miles south-east of Konigin- gratz, with 1000 inhabitants.

TIN JU LIEN, a town of Darah, to the south of Morocco, situated on the river Wad Drah; 105 miles south-east of Mo¬ rocco.

To TINK, v. n. [tinnio, Lat.; tincian, Welsh.] To make a sharp shrill noise.

TI'NKER, s. [from fink, because their way of proclaim¬ ing their trade is to beat a kettle, or because in their work they make a tinkling noise.] A mender of old tins and coppers. — Am not I old Sly’s son, by education a cardmaker, and now by present profession a tinker. Shakspeare.

TINKER’S CREEK, a river of the United States, in Ohio, which runs into the Cuyahoga; 12 miles above Cleve¬ land.

TINKER’S ISLAND, one of the Elizabeth’s islands, in the United States, near the coast of Massachusetts ; 3 miles long, and 1| broad.

To TI'NKLE, v. n. [ tincian , Welsh, the same ; dinkr, Icel. sound, noise. Sereniusi] To make a sharp quick noise; to clink. — Railing and tinkling rhimers, whose writings the vulgar more greedily read. B. Jonson. — It seems to have been improperly used by Pope.

The wandering streams that shine between the hills,

The grots that echo to the tinkling rills. Pope.

To hear a low quick noise.

With deeper brown the grove was overspread,

A sudden horror seiz’d his giddy head.

And his ears tinkled , and the colour fled. Dryden.

To TI'NKLE, v. a. To cause to clink. — The sexton or bell-man goeth about the streets with a small bell in his hand, which he tinkleth all along as he goeth. Ray.

TI'NKLE, s. Clink ; a quick noise. — The tinkle of the Von. XXIV. No. 1623.

TIN 9

words is all that strikes the ears, and soothes them with a transient and slightly pleasurable sensation. Mason.

TINKLETON, a parish of England, in Dorsetshire ; 51- miles east of Dorchester.

TI'NKLING, s. A quick noise. — The daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched out necks, making a tinkling with their feet. Isaiah.

TINLEYSVILLE, a post village of the United States, in Goochland county, Virginia ; 45 miles west-north-west of Richmond.

Tl'NMAN, s. A manufacturer of tin, or iron tinned over.

Did’st thou never pop

Thy head into a tinman's shop ? Prior.

TINMOUTH, a post township of the United States, in Rutland county, Vermont, watered by the Otter creek ; 10 miles south of Rutland. Here are iron-works. Popula¬ tion 1000.

TI'NNER, [cm, Saxon.] One who works in the tin mines. — The Cornish men, many of them could for a need live under ground, that were tinners. Bacon.

TINNEVELLY, an extensive district of the south of India, province of the Carnatic ; 150 miles in length by 50 in breadth, occupying the south-east extremity of the penin¬ sula, and separated from Ceylon by the gulf of Manaar. Generally speaking, this district may be called an open and level country, although it contains some woods, and several hills. It does not contain any river of magnitude, but is watered by numerous streams flowing from the western mountains ; and in favourable seasons, yields abundant crops of rice and cotton. During the war against Tippoo Sultan, the Polygars took advantage of the absence of the army, and broke into rebellion. As soon as a sufficient number of troops could be spared, a large force was sent against them ; and before the year 1803, they were all sub¬ dued, and the rents, amounting to 70,000 pagodas, or about 23,000/. per annum, are now as regularly paid as in other parts of the British conquests. This sum is, however, a very small revenue for so extensive a district.

TINNEVELLY, the capital of the above-mentioned dis¬ trict. Lat. 8. 48. N. long. 71. 1. E.

TINNIS, a small river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, which joins the Liddal.

TINSIN, a mountain of Scotland, in Roxburghshire.

TINNUNCULUS, in Ornithology, the name of one of the long-winged hawks, called by Linnaeus Falco tinnuncu- lus ; which see.

TI'NNY, adj, Abounding with tin. — Those arms of sea that thrust into the tinny strand. Drayton.

TINOSO, a cape in the south-east of Spain, on the coast of Murcia. Lat. 37. 30. N. long. 1. 16. W.

TTNPENNY, s. A certain customary duty anciently paid to the tithingmen. Bailey.

TI'NSEL, s. [ etincelle , Fr.] A kind of shining cloth.

A tinsel vail her amber locks did shrowd.

That strove to cover what it could not hide. Fairfax.

Any thing shining with false lustre ; any thing shewy and of little value.

For favours cheap and common who would strive ;

Yet scatter’d here and there I some behold.

Who can discern the tinsel from the gold } Dry den.

TI'NSEL, adj. Specious; showy; plausible; superficial. — Tinsel affections make a glorious glistering. Beautn and FI.

To TI'NSEL, v. a. To decorate with cheap ornaments ; to adorn with lustre that has no value.

She, tinsell'd o’er in robes of varying hues,

With self-applause her wild creation views.

Sees momentary monsters rise and fall.

And with her own fool’s colours gilds them all. Pope.

TINSLEY, a township of England, West Riding of Yorkshire ; 24 miles south- west-by- west of Rotherham.

TINT, s. Uinta, Ital.] A dye : a colour.

D Whether

10

T I N

Whether thy hand strike out some free design.

Where life awakes, and dawns at ev’ry line ;

Or blend in beauteous tint the colour’d mass,

And from the canvas call the mimic face. Pope,

To TINT, v. a. To tinge; to colour. Modern.

No more young Hope tints with her light and bloom The darkening scene. Seward.

TINTA, a province of Peru. See Canes and Canches. — The capital of the province has also the same name ; and it is the name of several inconsiderable settlements.

TINTAGELL, a parish of England in Cornwall ; 4 miles from Camelford. Population 730.

TINTAMA'R, s. [ tintamarre , old French; from rnarre, a mattock ; “ pour houer la vigne, Gr. /zatppov : c’est de la qu’on fait venir tintamarre, a cause du bruit que font quel- quefois les vignerons en tintant sur ieur marre.” Menage , and Morin.] A confused noise ; a hideous outcry. — Squall¬ ing hautboys, false-stopped violoncellos, buzzing bassoons, — all ill-tuned. The tintamarre, which this kind of squeaking and scraping and grumbling produces, I will not pain my reader by bringing stronger to his recollection. Mason.

TINTERN, a parish of England, in Monmouthshire, con¬ taining a considerable manufactory for iron-wire. Tintern abbey, in this parish, was founded in 1131, for Cistercian monks.; and the ruins of its church still exhibit a fine spe¬ cimen of its ancient grandeur and noble Gothic architecture; 5 miles north of Chepstow.

TINTERN, a village of Ireland, in the county of Wex¬ ford ; 85 miles west of Dublin.

TINTINHULL, a parish of England, in Somersetshire; 2 miles south-west of llchester.

TINTIPAN, a large island of New Granada, off the coast of the province of Carthagena.

TINTO, a river of the south-west of Spain, in the province of Seville, which runs into the Atlantic, to the west of the Guadalquivir, near the town of Moguer.

TINTO, a ridge of hills in Scotland, in the county of Lanark ; about two miles in length. Near the east end of the range there is a cairn of a circular form, the top of which is elevated 2351 i feet above the level of the sea, and 1740 feet above the Clyde.

TINTORETTO (II), the cognomen of a celebrated Vene¬ tian painter, whose real name was Giacopo Robusti. He was born at Venice, in 15 12, the son of a dyer ; from whence lie acquired the name of II Tintoretto. His natural disposi¬ tion towards the art of drawing manifested itself very early, and his father had the wisdom to indulge it; and seeing it likely to lead to something decisive, caused him to be in¬ structed in painting, and finally placed him as a pupil with Titian, then in the prime enjoyment of his reputation and power. It is a painful thing to relate, and a severe lesson to the pride of the most able, that where so much ability, so much honour and wealth abode, the mean and degrading pas¬ sion of jealousy should have found encouragement Titian, the great, the honoured Titian, that man who possessed a mind capable of grasping almost all that the art of painting required, who was richly and highly honoured, courted, and employed, is said (and the truth of the story rests upon too sound authority) to have seen, with the corroding pangs of jealousy, the early essays of his pupil Tintoretto, and to have permitted it to operate so strongly upon him, that he ex¬ cluded the dreaded object from his house, about ten days after his admission.

But the aspiring talents of the young painter were not to be damped by so mean a measure, though even in the power¬ ful hands of Titian. To him dismission from the eye of a master was emancipation. He dared to think for himself, and boldly aimed at selection in art, and an union unthought of till then ; and as Lanzi says, generously aspired at the honour of being the founder of a school and style of his own, by combining the form of the great Florentine, M. Angelo, with the colour of his former master. To maintain a. due excitation to the performance of so bold an under-

T I N

taking, he wrote upon the wall of his study, “ II disegno di Michel Angelo e il colorito diTiziano;" and with all the ardour of an intrepid mind, endeavoured to perfect the task he had assigned himself, by copying whatever pictures of Titian he could procure during the day, and drawing by night from easts taken from the works of M. Angelo, toge¬ ther with many others he procured from ancient basso- relievos and statues. It was doubtless by his studies by night and the lamp, that he acquired that perfect mastery of chiaro¬ scuro, those decided masses of light and shade, which distin¬ guish his works, both in their groups and single figures. Add to these labours, that he modelled in wax and clay, and clothed his figures studiously, arranging them in dif¬ ferent lights, and sometimes hanging them from the ceiling, to acquire, by drawing from them in that position, the know¬ ledge of the sotto in su, then much in use for the adornment of ceilings, and in the houses of the grandees. By these deep studies, and a perfect knowledge of anatomy, he was enabled to exert the exuberant and glowing fancy with which nature had blessed him, in the freest and boldest manner ; and had he always applied his powers with equal intenseness, with a careful discrimination of what was due to his own honour, there can be no doubt but that he would have left a name unrivalled in art. The large picture which lately adorned the walls of the Louvre, but is now returned to its original station, the Scuola di S. Marco at Venice, is a work of this class, which he painted when only 36 years old; and another is the Crucifixion, in the Scuola di S. Rocco. The former is known by the name of II Servo, and represents the miracle of St. Mark descending, and breaking the bonds of a slave condemned to death by Turks. Grand but not correct in its style of design, astonishing the mind by the intrepid boldness of its colour and execution, it displays more com¬ plete mastery of the materials of art than is to be found in the works of any other painter. If there be any fault in this astonishing performance, it is that the subject is lost in the splendour of the execution, the spirit in the matter in which it is embodied. The same cannot be said of the Crucifixion above mentioned, in which the louring, deep, and ominous tone preserved through the whole, produces the most perfect unity, gives strength of expression to the picture, and over¬ whelms the spectator with terror. All seems to he hushed in silence round the central figure of the Saviour suspended on the cross, with his fainting mother, and a group of male and female mourners at his feet; and though many are the improprieties of costume and of action, yet all vanish in the power which compresses them to a single point, and we do not detect them till we recover from the first impression. Unhappily for his fame, he was not always so careful in his labours ; and the impetuosity of his mind, or perhaps the feelings of his employers, who were numerous, did not allow him sufficient time to do justice to himself ; and he permitted many pictures to leave his easel, possessing only the free¬ dom of colour and execution which peculiarly belonged to his pencil.

Tintoretto was so certain of his execution, that he is said by Sandrart to have frequently wrought without a previous sketch, or any preparatory outline, finishing as he went on. He lived to the great age of eighty-two, and died at Venice in 1594.

TINTO, a river of South America ; 20 leagues east of Cape Honduras.

T1NTWISTLE, or Tingetwissel, a parish of England, in Cheshire; 9 miles north-east-by-east of Stockport. Popu • lation 1346.

TINUL, a small river of the flat country near the river Amazons, which runs north, and enters that river opposite the settlement of San Joaquin de los Omaguas.

TINUS, in Botany, a name in Pliny, book 15, chap. 30, for what he says is sometimes termed a sort of wild laurel, and is distinguished by the blue colour of its berries. This description is universally agreed to apply to our Iaurus-.tinus, viburnum tinus of Linnasus ; which see.

TIN WALD, a parish of Scotland, in Drumfries-shire,

which

11

T I P

•which forms a rectangular figure, six miles long by four broad, containing 5 If square miles. Population 1204.

TIN WELL, a parish of England, in Rutlandshire; 10 miles east-north-east -of Uppingham.

TI'NWORM, s. An insect. Bailey .

T'INY, adj. [tint, tynd, Danish.] Little; small; puny. A burlesque word.

When that I was a little tiny boy,

A foolish thing was but a toy. Shakspeare.

TIOGA, a county of the United States, on the north side of Pennsylvania, bounded north by New York, east by Onta¬ rio county, south by Lycoming county, and west by Potter county. Population 1687. Chief town, Wellsborough.

TIOGA, a county of the United States, in New York, bounded north by a "small angle of Steuben county, and by Seneca and Cayuga counties, east by Broome county, south by the state of Pennsylvania, and west by Steuben county. The agriculture is improving and productive, and population is increasing. Population 7899. Chief town, Spencer.

TIOGA, a post township of the United States, in Tioga county, Pennsylvania. Population 803.

TIOGA, a post township of the United States, in Broome county, New York, watered by the Susquehannah and Owego. The principal village is called Owego. Population 500; 170 miles south-west of Albany.

TIOGA, a river of the United States, which rises among the Allegany mountains, in about lat. 41. 50. N.

TIONE, a small town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, on the river Sarca ; 19 miles west of Trent.

TIOOKEA, one of King George’s islands, in the South Pacific ocean, discovered by commodore Byron.

TIORN, an island on the west coast of Sweden ; 18 miles north of Gottenburg. It is about 30 miles in circumference, has good pasturage, and the inhabitants export butter, cheese, and hops. Lat. 58. 0. N. long. 11. 30. E.

TIOUGHNIOGA, a river of the United States, in New York, which rises in the south part of Onondaga county, and flows into the Chenango, in the south-east part of Broome county. Length 55 miles.

TIP, s. [tip, tip ken, Dutch.] Top; end; point; ex¬ tremity.

The tip no jewel need to wear.

The tip is jewel of the ear. Sidney.

I no longer look upon lord Plausible as ridiculous, for admiring a lady’s fine tip of an ear and pretty elbow. Pope. — One part of the play at ninepins. — Down goes his belief of your homilies and articles, thirty-nine at a tip. Pry den.

To TIP, v. a. To top ; to end ; to cover on the end.- — We’ll tip thy horns with gold. Shakspeare. — To give. This is a low cant term.

She writes love letters to the youth in grace.

Nay, tips the wink before the cuckold’s face. Dry den.

To strike lightly ; to tap. — A third rogue tips me by the elbow. Swift.

To TIP, v. n. With off: to fall off; to die. A vulgar phrase.

TIPERA, called by the Mahometans Roshenabad, a very extensive district of Bengal. It is situated on the eastern side of the Brahmapootra or Megna river, and between the 22d and 24th degrees of north lat.

By Mahometan historians it is denominated the country of Jagenagur (properly Jehaznagur), which was probably the name of its principal port, subsequently known as Alumgeer- nagur. It was invaded in the year 1279 by Toghril, the Afghan governor of Bengal, who plundered the inhabitants, and brought away 100 elephants. In 1343, it was again in¬ vaded by Ilyas, the second -independent sovereign of Bengal, who imitated the conduct of his predecessors. Along with the rest -of Bengal, it devolved to the British in 1765. The rajah receives a portion of the revenue, and retains some of the eastern territory. The population has been estimated at 750,000, in an equal proportion of Hindoos and Maho¬ metans.

T I P

TIPHIA, in Entomology, a genus of the hymenoptera order of insects, in the Gmelinian system of Linnaeus ; the characters of which are, that the mouth has a membranaceous roundish jaw, a mandible arched, and acute, a short trident- ated lip, and no tongue ; the feelers are four, filiform, un¬ equal, stretched out in the middle of the lip; and the antennae unfiliform and arched. This genus includes the following species : —

1. Tiphia vespiformis.- — Black, with a ferruginous abdo¬ men, black at the base, and cyaneous wings. The sphex vespiformis of Fabricius. — Found in Malabar.

2. Tiphia crassicomis. — Black, the abdomen with three bands, the legs ferruginous, and the wings cyaneous. — Found in Spain.

3. Tiphia nigra.— Black, without spots. — An European insect.

4. Tiphia femorata. — Black, with the four hinder thighs angulated and red. — Found in England.

5. Tiphia histrionica. — Black, thorax maculated, abdomen with five yellow bands, the two foremost interrupted. — Found in China.

6. Tiphia quinquecincta. — Black, thorax spotted, abdo¬ men with five yellow bands, the second interrupted. — Found in England.

7. Tiphia variegata. — Thorax black, varied with yellow, abdomen yellow. — A Siberian insect.

8. Tiphia ciliata. — Black, the segments of the abdomen yellow, with ciliated margin.— Found in Spain.

9. Tiphia haemorrhoidalis. — Black, the abdomen with five yellow spots on each side, the toes and legs red. — -Found in South America.

10. Tiphia ephippium. — Black, the thorax with a red dorsal spot. — Found in South America.

11. Tiphia radula. — Hairs black, thorax reddish before, the -second and third segments of the abdomen yellow. — Found in New Holland.

12. Tiphia dorsata.— Black, the second and third seg¬ ments of the abdomen yellow. — -A Coromandel insect.

13. Tiphia ruficornis. — Ferruginous, spotted with black, yellow abdomen, and four black bands. — Found in Tran- quebar.

14. Tiphia tricincta. — -Black, the abdomen with three yellow bands, the anus and legs ferruginous. — Found in South America.

15. Tiphia collaris. — Black, the thorax on the fore-part cinereous villous, behind retuse, with cinereous wings. — Found in Malabar.

16. Tiphia morio. — Black, with brown wings, posterior

thighs banded with cinereous _ Found in Spain.

17. Tiphia pedestris. — -Apterous, black variegated with yellow, thorax compressed. — Found in New Holland.

TIPIRIN, a settlement of Carraccas, in the province of Cumana, on the shore of the river Guarapiche.

TIPPACANOE, a river of the United States, in Indiana, which joins the Wabash, about 420 miles from its mouth. Length, about 170 miles.

TIPPERARY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, extending in a very irregular form between the King’s and Queen’s counties on the north, the latter county and that of Kilkenny on the east, the counties of Waterford and Cork on the south, and those of Limerick, Clare, and Galway, on the west. From the two latter counties the river Shannon forms a natural boundary ; as the river Suir does from Water¬ ford forabout 15 miles on the south. The length from north to south is 73J miles, and its breadth 39|. It contains 882,398 acres, or 1420 square miles, including bogs, moun¬ tain and waste. The hills near the small town of Silvermines have been marked in some maps as the Silvermines moun¬ tains ; others have been called the Devil’s Bit:; and adjoining the Queen’s county they take the name of the Sliebh-bloom mountains. Clonmell, on the Suir, and at the southern ex¬ tremity of the county, is the shire town, and though very in¬ conveniently situated for the assizes, has an excellent jail, court-house, &c. It is a place of considerable trade, and one of the principal inland towns of Ireland. Cashel, Roscrea,

Neneglq

12

T I P U L A.

Nenegh, Tipperary, Carrick, and some others mentioned in their proper places, are of respectable size, but none of them distinguished for trade or manufactures, unless we except the manufacture of ratteens at Carrick.

This county is divided into 12 baronies, Lower Ormond, Upper Ormond, Ikerin, Isleagh, Owen and Arra, Kilnele- gurty, Kilnemanna, Slewarda and Compsy, Middle Third, Clan william, Iffa and Offa, and Eligurty; which contain 186 parishes. Population about 200,000.

TIPPERARY, a market town of Ireland, in the above county. It is not large, and appears to be in a ruinous con¬ dition, though formerly of sufficient importance to give its name to the county; 87 miles south-west of Dublin, and 20 north-west of Clonmell, on the road to Limerick.

TI'PPET, s. [caeppec, Saxon.] Something worn about the neck. — His turban was white, with a small red cross on the top : he had also a tippet of fine linen. Bacon.

To TI'PPLE, v. n. [ tepel , a dug, old Teutonic.] To drink luxuriously; to waste life over the cup.

Let us grant it is not amiss to sit.

And keep the turn of tippling with a slave.

To reel the streets at noon. Shahspeare.

To TI'PPLE, v. a. To drink in luxury or excess.

To a short meal he makes a tedious grace,

Before the barley-pudding comes in place ;

Then bids fall on ; himself for saving charges A peel’d slic’d onion eats, and tipples verjuice. Dryden.

TI'PPLE, s. Drink ; liquor. — While the tipple was paid for, all went merrily on. L' Estrange.

Tl'PPLED, adj. Tipsy ; drunk.

Merry, we sail from the east.

Half tippled at a rainbow feast. Dry den.

TITPLER, s. A sottish drunkard ; an idle drunken fel¬ low. — Gamesters, tipplers, tavern hunters, and other such dissolute people. Banner.

Tl'PPLING-HOUSE, s. A house in which liquors are sold; a public-house. — The knave her father — kept a tip- pling-house. Beaumont and FI.

TiPSA, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, the ancient Tipasa, of which it still presents most extensive ruins, particularly a large temple and four-faced triumphal arch, of the Corinthian order, in the very best preservation ; 85 miles south-east of Constantina.

TI'PSTAFF, s. An officer with a staff tipped with metal. The staff itself so tipt. — One hand in his had a tipstaff of a yellow cane, tipped at both ends with blue. Bacon.

TIPSTAVES, officers appointed by the marshal of the King’s Bench, to attend the judges with a rod or staff’ tipped with silver, and take charge of such persons as are either committed, or turned over at the judge’s chamber.

TI'PSY, adj. Drunk ; overpowered with excess of drink.

The riot of the tipsy bacchanals.

Tearing the Thracian singer in their rage. Shahspeare.

TI'PTOE, s. The end of the toe.

Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day

Stands tiptoe on the misty mountains’ tops. Shahspeare.

TIPTON, or Tibbington, a parish of England, in Staffordshire; 2± miles west-south-west of Wednesbury. Population 8407.

TI'PTOP. An expression, often used in common con¬ versation, denoting the utmost degree, excellence, or per¬ fection. — If you love operas, there will be the most splendid in Italy, four tiptop voices, a new theatre. Gray to West.

TIPUANIS, a river of Peru, which washes the confines of the province of Tarija.

TIPULA, in Entomology, a genus of the diptera order of insects, the characters of which are, that the mouth has a very short proboscis, membranaceous, canaliculated on the back, receiving a bristle; the haustellum short, without a va¬ gina; the feelers two, incurved, equal, filiform, longer than the head : the antennae are mostly filiform.

The long form of the body, the position of the wings, and the length and position of the legs, are the circumstances that make the resemblance between the gnats and tipulee ; but the structure and organs of the head are alone a very suf¬ ficient distinction.

As the tipulae differ from the gnats in the figure of the mouth, and in being without a trunk, they differ as much from the other flies of that character, by their resembling the gnat in the shape of their body. They differ also in the conformation of the mouth, and its several parts and organs. The opening of the mouth is a slit extending itself from the fore part of the head towards the hinder part, and its lips cannot be called upper and lower; but they are lateral ones. When the body of the creature is pressed, this mouth opens, and shews what seem to be a second pair of lips within. These are more firmly closed than the others, and resemble only certain duplications of the flesh. The exterior lips are cartilaginous, and are furnished with short hairs ; the interior are perfectly smooth, and of a fleshy texture. The head of the tipula is of a long and slender figure ; the lips are articu¬ lated at the extremity of this head, and on each side there stands on the upper part, a sort of beard, which, when mi¬ nutely examined, is found to be articulated in the manner of the antennae of insects. These two beards, in their usual po¬ sition, are placed close together, and bent forwards over the head ; their office seems to be the covering of the aperture of the mouth. These seem constantly to be found in all species of the tipulae, and placed exactly in the same manner.

The largest species of tipulae are usually found in our mea¬ dows, and these are in no danger of being confounded with the gnat kind, their size alone being a sufficient obvious dis¬ tinction. These are often found of nearly an inch in length from head to tail ; but their bodies are very slender, and are composed of only nine rings. The male tipula is easily dis¬ tinguished, at sight, from the female; it is much shorter in the body, and is thicker at the tail than any where else ; this tail also usually turns upwards, whereas that of the female is placed in the same line with the body, and is slender, and composed of several scaly parts, proceeding from the last ring of the body. These creatures are found in our meadows through the whole summer ; but the end of September and beginning of October is the time when they are most of all plentiful.

The legs of these creatures are greatly disproportioned to the body, according to the common rules of nature, especi¬ ally the hinder pair, which are in the larger species usually three times the length of the body.

The large species is a creature of no great beauty; its body is of a brownish colour, and its corcelet is so elevated, that the creature seems hump-backed ; the head is small, and the neck very short ; the reticulated eyes are so large, that they cover almost the whole surface of the head ; these are of a greenish colour, with a cast of purple, when viewed in some lights. Reaumur supposes that two very lucid specks, on the anterior part of the breast, are eyes, though placed in so very singular a manner ; the wings of this creature are long, but very narrow, and seem scarcely well proportioned to the size of the animal ; they are transparent, but have a slight cast of brown ; and their ribs, when viewed by the micro¬ scope, appear beset with scales, or feathers, in the manner of those of the gnat kind. Some species of the tipulae have them also fringed with these scales at the edges ; there are no ailerons, or petty wings, at the origin of these, but in the place of them there are two very fine balancers or mallets ; these have long pedicles, and roundish or oval heads; the stigmata of Ihe corcelet are four; one pair is placed imme¬ diately underneath these balancers, and the other immediately below the first pair of legs ; the first pair is very long, the others small, and those on the rings of the body, if there be any, are too small ioy our sight, even with good glasses. Each ring of the body is composed of two half cylinders, which are joined into one, by means of a membrane, which gives them room to distend or close up at the creature’s plea¬ sure. The large tipulae all carry two antennae, or horns, upon

T I P

their heads; but these are of no remarkable structure, they are only composed of a great number of joints, each covered with a tine downy hairiness; and at the joining of each to the next, there is a tuft of longer and more stiff hairs. This is the description of the common large tipulae, which we find in the meadows, and in almost all its parts is applicable to the generality of the larger species of these insects.

The smaller kinds are very numerous, and of great variety. These are frequent in all places, and at all seasons of the year ; the spring shews us immense clouds of them, and even the coldest winter’s day shews a great number of them in the sun-shine about noon. These creatures fly much better than the larger tipulae ; they seem indeed to be almost continually upon the wing, and their manner of flight is very singular; they are continually mounting and descending again, and that without quitting the direction of the vertical line in which they go forward ; this they will often do for many hours together. In tracing these flies from their origin, they are all found to be produced from worms which have no legs, and have a re¬ gular scaly head. Those from which the larger tipulae are produced live under ground ; they are most fond of marshy places, but any ground will do that is not often disturbed. They usually are found at about an inch under the surface, and are so plentiful in some places as greatly to injure the herbage.

The numerous species are distributed, by Gmelin, into classes.

I. — With patent wings.

1. Tipula rivosa. — With hyaline wings; rivules brown, with a snowy spot. — Frequent in Europe.

2. Tipula quadrimaculata. — With wings brown-veiny, mar¬ gin and four spots brown ; abdomen above yellowish. There is a variety denominated calmariensis. — Found in the mea¬ dows of Europe.

3. Tipula crocata. — With wings having a brown spot ; abdomen black, yellow bands. — Frequent in the north of Europe.

4. Tipula oleracea. — With hyaline wings; the margin of the rib brown. — Found in Europe at the roots of pot-herbs, grain, &.c. &c.

5. Tipula hortorum. — With hyaline wings ; scattered ob¬ solete spots. — Found among the pot-herb plants of Europe.

. 6. Tipula variegata. — Black ; base and sides of the abdo¬ men red, spotted with yellow. — Found in the gardens of Europe.

7. Tipula terrestris, or crane fly. — With hyaline wings; brown marginal point ; back of the abdomen cinereous. — Found in Europe.

8. Tipula cornicina. — With hyaline wings, marginal point brown; abdomen yellow; three lines brown. — Found in Europe at the roots of plants.

9. Tipula nigra. — With brown wings, and black body. — Found among the plants of Europe.

10. Tipula albimana. — Black, with testaceous thighs, and hinder tarsi white.

11. Tipula costalis. — Sordidly yellow; with antennas twice longer than the body ; hyaline wings, and brownish costa. — Found in Van Diemen’s Land.

12. Tipula atrata. — With glaucous wings ; marginal point and body black ; first segment of the abdomen and feet red. — An European insect.

13. Tipula bimaculata. — With hyaline wings; two brown spots; the middle of the abdomen spotted ferruginous ; plu¬ mose antennae. — As the former.

14. Tipula melanocephala. — Testaceous; head and dorsal line of the thorax black ; wings hyaline ; three brown streaks. — A Cayenne insect.

15. Tipula flavescens.- — With unspotted wings; yellow body ; brown back. — Found in the fields of Europe.

16. Tipula ensiformis. — With lanceolate serrulate an¬ tennae; wings, veins, and spot black — Found in Sweden.

17. Tipula regelationis. — With hyaline glossy wings; cinereous brown body. — Found frequently in Europe.

18. Tipula pilipes. — Cinereous; with striated brownish wings ; foremost legs hairy.

Vol. XXIV. No. 1624.

U L A. 13

19. Tipula morio.— Black; with white wings; marginal point brown; pallid feet.

20. Tipula replicata. — With hyaline wings ; margin slen¬ der, recurved ; body brown ; simple antennae. — Found in the waters of the north of Europe.

2 1 . Tipula monoptera. — Black ; with feet and feelers pallid. — North of Europe.

22. Tipula gigantea. — With wings brown, hyaline, waved longitudinally in the middle. — Found in the gardens of Austria and France.

23. Tipula ichneumonia. — With cinereous thorax; abdo¬ men yellow, depressed ; wings yellowish-brown ; four mar¬ ginal spots brown. — An European insect.

24. Tipula discolor. — Cinereous; abdomen on both sides yellowish; wings with brown and white spot. — As the former.

25. Tipula pectinata.' — Black; with antennae semi-pectin¬ ated ; glaucous wings ; marginal point and apex large ; thighs and legs red ; apices black. — As before.

26. Tipula versicolor. — Yellow; thorax yellow, spotted with black ; abdomen and back, beneath and sides cinereous; wings, veins, and spot brown. — As before.

27. Tipula maculosa. — Black ; bill, legs, and apex of ab¬ domen yellowish; wings with scattered brown spots. — As before.

28. Tipuh lutea. — Pale yellow ; with yellowish wings. — As before.

29. Tipula fuscipes. — Black ; with two yellowish bands on the abdomen ; white wings, spotted with black ; yellow¬ ish legs, joints and soles; with the toes brown. — As before.

30. Tipula quadrifasciata. — Cinereous-yellowish ; with grey wings; four yellowish bands, and margin of costa pointed; with yellow legs; black joints. — As before.

31. Tipula octopunctata. — With white wings; eight black points; black abdomen; thorax and legs palish.— Found at Paris.

32. Tipula Parisiensis. — Green ; with hyaline wings ; brown band ; the two bands of the abdomen and anus black. — As before.

33. Tipula secalis. — Cinereous; with ciliated wings; eyes, antennae annulated with white ; the apex of the abdomen and feet black. — Found in fields of rye. Gmelin queries whether the two last species belong to this tribe of insects.

II. — With incumbent wings: “ Culiciform.”

34. Tipula plumosa. — With greenish thorax ; white wings ; brown point; and plumose antennae.— -In the marshes of Europe.

35. Tipula fasciculata. — Black ; fore-legs long and mota- tory; sides of the abdomen spotted with ferruginous. — Found in Germany.

36. Tipula tendens. — Ferruginous ; with white unspotted wings; fore-legs very long and pale. — In marshes of Den¬ mark.

37. Tipula vibratoria. — Fore-legs very large, motatory; white at the apex. — Found in the marshes of Europe.

38. Tipula varia. — Brown ; fore-legs elongated ; abdomen yellowish; wings varied with white and black.

39. Tipula tremula. — Fore-legs very long, motatory ; black, with white wings. — In the marshes of Sweden.

40. Tipula flexilis. — Fore -legs motatory, all pallid ; wings with duskyish band. — In the watery places of Europe.

41. Tipula monilis. — With white legs, nine black rings ; wings varied with white and cinereous,— In the gardens ot Europe.

42. Tipula zonata, — Pallid; with wings, two bands, and three points brown ; thighs with brown angle. — Found in Orford.

43. Tipula virens. — Green; with unspotted wings ; brown soles. — A Swedish insect,

44. Tipula viridula. — Green ; with antennae verticillate, hairy ; pallid legs. — North of Europe.

45. Tipula geniculata. — Beneath yellowish ; lines of the thorax and back of the abdomen black, with white immacu¬ late wings.

E 64. Tipula

14

T I R

T I R

46. Tipula pallipes. — Smooth-brown; with hyaline un¬ spotted wings, and palish legs.

47. Tipula macrocephala. — Greenish ; with eyes and back of the thorax black. — In the marshes and moist shores of Europe.

48. Tipula pusilla. — Green ; with three black spots on the hinder part of the thorax; antennae of the male plu¬ mose. — In the lakes of Europe.

49. Tipula marci. — Black, smooth ; with blackish wings; fore-thighs furrowed inwards. — In the dunghills and putre¬ scent soil of Europe : probably a variety of hortulana.

50. Tipula thomse. — Black, smooth; with black wings; sides of the abdomen marked with a saffron line. — At Upsal.

51. Tipula chrysanthemi. — Black, smooth ; the abdomen red at the base; the antennae incrassated, pilose. — On the chrysanthemus coronarius of Spain.

52. Tipula Johannis. — Black, smooth ; white wings ; black point ; short antennae ; black legs. — In shady parts of Europe.

53. Tipula pomonee. — Black, smooth; hyaline wings; black point ; ferruginous thighs.— In the plains of England and Norway.

54. Tipula forcipata. — With cylindric black abdomen ; wings brown-hyaline ; anus appendiculated. — An English insect.

55. Tipula vernans. — Cinereous; thorax black-lineated ; white wings spotted with brown. — In meadows of Denmark.

56. Tipula hortulana. — With hyaline wings; exterior margin black. — In the flowers of asparagus and apple.

57. Tipula phalaenoides. — With wings deflexed, cinereous, ovate-lanceolated, ciliated. — In the walls of dunghills in Europe.

58. Tipula hirta. — Hairy ; with wings deflexed, ovate- ciliated, tessellated with white and black. — In Lapland.

59. Tipula persicarise. — Black; with wings incumbent, subciliated. — Under the leaves of the peach-tree.

60. Tipula notata. — Black; with white wings; with a white spot in front of the sides of the abdomen. — In Europe.

61. Tipula juniperina. — Cinereous; with white wings; margin villous. — Found in the juniper.

62. Tipula culiciformis. — Cinereous; with pallid legs; wings marked with two blackish spots. — At Upsal.

63. Tipula incarnata. — Incarnated; with moderate an¬ tennas. — At Upsal.

64. Tipula bipunctata. — Brown; wings cinereous; mar¬ ginal point white. — Found in Europe.

65. Tipula sericea. — Black ; back black ; sides of the thorax bare ; balancers yellow. — In Sweden.

66. Tipula minutissima. — Yellow; eyes concurring in the vertex black. — In the ditches of Sweden and Austria.

67. Tipula pulicaris. — Black; sides of the thorax scutel- lum, and abdomen yellow. — In the ditches of Europe.

68. Tipula pennicornis. — With antennae bipectinate ; black body ; halterers, or balancers, white. — In the flowers of aristolochia clematis.

69. Tipula piumicornis. — Brown ; antennae brownish-plu¬ mose : legs yellowish. — As before.

TIPUTINI, a river of Quito, in the province of Mainas. It rises in the province of Quixos and Macas, runs east, and enters the Napo.

TIQUE, a river of the Caraccas, in the province of Cumana, which runs in a serpentine course to the north, and unites itself with the Murichal, to enter the Guarapiche.

TIQUICIO, two inconsiderable settlements of New Gra¬ nada, in the province of Antioquia.

TIQUILIGASTI, a settlement of South America, in the province of Tucuman, on the shore of the river Salado.

TIQUINA, a settlement of Peru, in the province of Omasuyos, on the south shore of the lake Titicaca.

TIRABOSCHl (Girolamo, Abate), author of the best history of Italian literature which that country, fertile in men of learning, taste, and talents, has produced. He was born at Bergamo, in 1731, and is styled Cavalicre by his bio¬ grapher, and the last editor of his History, in a life prefixed to the index of the second edition, published at Modena in 1794. He had his education in the Jesuits’ college from

fifteen till the abolition of the order. He was professor of eloquence in the university of Brera at Milan, til! the year

1770, when he was appointed prsefect of the Este library at Modena, by the interest of count Firmian. He first distin¬ guished himself, after this appointment, by a new edition of the Italian and Latin vocabulary of Mandosio ; which •work was almost wholly new written by him, and corrected and augmented with the most refined purity of the two lan¬ guages; and the Latin and Italian orations which he deli¬ vered publicly at Milan, two of which were printed, esta¬ blished his reputation for eloquence.

He distinguished himself during the first years of his pras- feetorship of the duke of Modena’s library, by drawing up a new catalogue of the manuscripts, books, medals, gems, and rarities of that celebrated library, and compiled the first volume of his History of Italian Literature, published in

1771, which manifested such taste and solid learning as astonished his readers; but the public in general was still more astonished at his finishing the whole wmrk in eleven years, consisting of thirteen large volumes in 4to. ; a work which, by its immense erudition, profound critical discus¬ sions, and judgment in every kind of literature, acquired him the praise of the whole republic of letters.

Besides this great work, he produced during the same pe¬ riod the life of St. Olympia; a letter on the comparative excellence of Italian and Spanish literature ; the life of Ful- vio Testo; the two first volumes of the Biblioteca Moden¬ ese; and all the articles which he furnished to the twenty- three first volumes of the Giornale di Modena, a kind of review and history of new books and discoveries in arts and sciences within the year.

He was knighted by the duke of Modena, though a regular ecclesiastic, and ennobled by his fellow-citizens at Bergamo. To enable him to proceed in his great work with more con¬ venience, his pairon augmented his appointment, and gave him an assistant in the library.

His correspondence with the learned throughout Europe must have occupied much of his time: as at his decease, among his papers, were found materials for twenty-eight vo¬ lumes of original letters addressed to him, as author of the Literary History of Italy, and editor of the Giornale di Mo¬ dena. In his numerous minor productions, as well as in those of greater volume and importance, he discovers him¬ self to have been gifted with a quick penetration, and pos¬ sessed of great facility in writing, as well as a clear concep¬ tion of the works of others, which to have acquired, must have been studied with constant application.

This admirable writer died at the age of sixty-two, of a bloody-flux, in 1794.

TIRADE, in French Music, formerly implied what the Greeks meant by ayaya, agogo, ductus, the filling up a wide interval by the intermediate diatonic notes. But, at present, tirade seems nearly equivalent to volata in Italian ; a division, a flight.

TIRAGHT, an island in the Atlantic, near the west coast of Ireland ; 8 miles south-west of Dunmore head.

TIRANO, a small town of Austrian Italy, in the Valteline, on the river Adda. Population 3700. It has a large yearly fair ; 15 miles east of Sondrio, and 40 north-north-east of Bergamo.

TIRANO, a settlement of New Granada, in the province of Tunja. It contains 400 housekeepers; 38 miles north¬ east of Velez.

TIRANO, a port of the island of Margarita, on the north coast.

TIRASPOL, a small town of the south-west of European Russia, in the government of Cherson, on the Dniester; 8 miles east of Bender.

TIRE, 5. [Ciep, Sax.; apparatus, ordo, scries. ] Rank; row. Sometimes written tier.

Stood rank’d of seraphim another row.

In posture to displode their second tire

Of thunder. Milton.

F urniture ; apparatus.

Saint

T I S

Saint George’s worth Enkindles like desire of high exploits :

Immediate sieges, and the tire of war

Rowl in thy eager mind. Philips.

[Corrupted from tiar or tiara, or from at tire. \ A head¬ dress.

Here is her picture : let me see ;

If I had such a tire, this face of mine

Were full as lovely as is this of hers. Shakspeare.

To TIRE, v. a. [cipan, fcipian, Sax ] To fatigue; to make weary; to harass; to wear out with labour ortedious- ness.

Tir'd with toil, all hopes of safety past.

From pray’rs to wishes he descends at last. Pry den.

It has often out added to intend the signification.

A lonely way

The cheerless Albion wander’d half a day;

Tir'd out, at length a spreading stream he spy’d. Tickell.

[from attire or tire, from tiara.'] To dress the head. — Jezebel painted her face and tired her head. Kings.

To TIRE, v. n. [teopian, Sax.] To fail with weariness. A merry heart goes all the day.

Your sad tires in a mile-a. Shakspeare.

To TIRE, v. n. [cipan. Sax., is found in the same sense.] To feed or pray upon. An old and •well authorized verb.

Whose haughty spirit winged with desire

Will coast my crown, and like an empty eagle

Tire on the flesh of me and of my son. Shakspeare.

TI'REDNESS, s. State of being tired ; weariness. — It is not through the tiredness of the age of the earth, but through our own negligence that it hath not satisfied us bountifully. Hakewill.

TIREH, a town of Anatolia, in Asia Minor, on the Meinder, in which some important manufactures are carried on. It is remarkable for the siege by Timur, in 1402, when the inhabitants redeemed their lives by the payment of a sum of money; 32 miles south-south-east of Smyrna.

TI'RESOME, adj. Wearisome; fatiguing; tedious. — Nothing is so tiresome as the works of those critics who write in a dogmatic way, without language, genius, or ima¬ gination. Addison.

TI'RESOMENESS, s. Act or quality of being tiresome. TITLE WOMAN, s. A woman whose business is to make dresses for the head. — Why should they not value themselves for this outside fashionableness of the tirewoman' s making, when their parents have so early instructed them to do so. Locke.

TIREYMEG LAKE, a lake of North America. Lat. 61. 52. N. long. 107.

TIRGOWISCHT. See Tergovista.

TIRHOOT, an extensive district of Hindostan, province of Bahar, situated principally between the 27th and 28th degrees of northern latitude. The population, including Hajypore, is estimated at 2,000,000, in the proportion of three Hindoos to one Mahometan.

TI'RING-HOUSE, or Ti'ring-room, s. The room in which players dress for the stage. — This green plot shall be our stage, this hawthorn brake our tiring-house. Shak¬ speare.

TIRINIDARO, a settlement of Mexico, in the intendancy of Valladolid, containing 100 families of Indians.

TIRKA, a town of Central Africa, described by the Arabian geographers in the twelfth century, as situated at the eastern extremity of the kingdom of Ghana, on the frontier of Wangara. No accounts have been received, from which we can ascertain whether or not it at present exists.

TIRLEMONT, orTiENEN, an inland town of the Nether¬ lands, in the province of South Brabant, on the small river Geete. It has a population of 8000, is tolerably built, and has considerable manufactures of woollens ; also breweries and distilleries ; 25 miles east of Brussels.

T I S 15

TIRLEY, a parish of England, in Gloucestershire ; 4 miles south- west-by-west of Tewkesbury.

TIROON, a district on the east coast of Borneo, low, and abounding with sago trees. It is watered by numerous rivers, the largest of which is named the Barow or Curan.

TIRRELL, a hamlet of England, in Westmoreland ; 2~ miles south-south- west of Penrith.

TIRSCHEN-REUTH, a small town of Germany, in Bavaria, in the upper Palatinate ; 33 miles north-north-east of Amberg, and 20 east of Kenmat. Population 1500.

TIRSCHTIGEL, or Trziel, a small town of Prussian Po¬ land ; 43 miles west of Posen, and 12 east-south-east of Meseritz, Population 1900. The small river Obra divides it into the old and new towns; the former inhabited by Poles, the latter by Germans.

TIRUA, a small island in the Pacific ocean, near the coast of Chili. Lat. 38. 30. N.

TIRUHA, a river of Chili, in the district of Tolten-Baxo, which runs west, and enters the sea near a point of its name.

TI'RWIT, s. [ vanellus , Lat.] A bird. Ainsworth.

TIRY, one of the Hebrides, on the coast of Scotland, and in the county of Argyle. It is about 13 miles long from south-west to north-east, and of various breadth, from 5 miles to less than 1, as it is much indented by the sea. Altogether it measures 36J square miles of land, besides lakes, of which there are 24 in the interior, covering 600 acres. Hard whinstone and granite are the principal stones, and there is abundance of ironstone and limestone; which latter, in one quarry, is of the nature of marble. This is of various colours, variegated with beautiful figures, and takes a beautiful polish. It is now come into very general use for inside ornaments in houses. There are many duns or small castles, and other remains of antiquity . The Duke of Argyll is proprietor of the whole island. Population in 1800, 3200, being the greatest to its extent of any of the Hebrides.

’TIS, contracted for it is. — 'Tis destiny unshunable. Shakspeare.

TISBURY, a village and parish of England, in the county of Wilts, one of the largest in England. Various members of the Arundel family have monuments here; 3| miles south¬ east of Hindon. Population 2019.

TISBURY, a township of the United States, in Duke’s county, Massachusetts, on the north side of Martha’s Vine¬ yard; 8 miles west of Edgartown, and 85 south of Boston. Population, including the Elizabeth islands, 1202.

TISCHINGEN, asmall town of Germany, in Wirtemberg; 10 miles north-north-east of Dillingen, and 53 east-by-south of Stutgard.

TISCHNOWITZ, a small town of the Austrian states in Moravia ; 15 miles north-west of Brunn.

TISHEET, a place of the Sahara, in Central Africa, con¬ taining a salt mine, whence copious supplies of that article are sent to the countries on the Niger; 150 miles north of Benowm.

TI'SICK, s. [corrupted from phthisick.] Consumption; morbid waste.

Tl'SICAL, adj. [for phthisical.] Consumptive.

TISIPHONE, in Mythology, one of the three furies.

TISQUI, a river of Quito, in the province of Esmeraldas, which runs north-west, and empties itself into the Blanco, opposite the mountain of Quindiu, in lat. 21. 30. N.

TISQUIUU LAKE, a lake of North America. Lat. 56. 10. N. long. 95. 45. W.

TISSINGTON, a parish of England, in Derbyshire ; 41- miles north of Ashbome. Population 484.

TI'SSUE, s. [ tissu , Fr. ; cipan, to weave, Norman Sax.] Cloth interwoven with gold or silver, or figured colours.

In their glittering tissues emblaz’d Holy memorials, acts of zeal and love,

Recorded eminent. Milton.

A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire ;

An upper vest, once Helen’s rich attire ;

From Argos by the fam’d adultress brought.

With golden flowers and winding foliage wrought. Pry den.

A medical

16

T I T

A medical term for a web-like structure : as, the cellular

tissue.

To TI'SSUE, ®. a. To interweave; to variegate. — The chariot was covered with cloth of gold tissued upon blue. Bacon.

Mercy will sit between,

Thron’d in coelestial sheen.

With radiant feet the tissued clouds down steering. Milton.

TISTED, East, a parish of England, in Southampton- shire ; 5 miles south-by-west of Alton.

TISTED, West, a parish in the same county; Smiles south-east-by-east of New Alresford.

TIT, s. [ Tit signifies little in the Teutonic dialects. Thus Kilian, titje, Teut., any stnall bird.] A small horse. Generally in contempt.

No storing of pasture with baggagely tit.

With ragged, with aged, and evil at hit.

Thou might’st have ta’en example From what thou read’st in story ;

Being as worthy to sit On an ambling tit.

As thy predecessor Dory.

A woman. In contempt.

Am I one

Selected out of all the husbands living,

To be so ridden by a tit of tenpenca ?

Ami so blind and bedrid ? Beaum. and FI.

A titmouse or tomtit. [ parus , Lat.] A bird.

TITA, St., a small island in the North Pacific ocean. Lat. 68. 51. N. long. 190. 14. E.

TITAN, a small island in the south-east of France, in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Provence, the most eastern of the Hyeres group.

TITANIUM, in Mineralogy, a metal originally discovered by Mr. Gregor of Cornwall, in the grains of a black mineral found in the bed of a rivulet in the valley of Menaian, in that county. See Mineralogy.

TITBI'T, s. [properly tidbit ; tid, tender, and bit.'] Nice bit; nice food. — John pampered esquire South with titbits till he grew wanton. Arbuthnot.

TITCHFIELD, a river of England, in Southamptonshire, which falls into the English channel, east of Hamble.

TITCHMARSH, a parish of England, in Northampton¬ shire; 1J mile east-north-east of Thrapston. Population 589.

TITCHWELL, a parish of England, in Norfolk ; 5 miles west-by-north of Burnham Westgate.

TFTHABLE, adj. Subject to the payment of tithes; that of which tithes may be taken. — The popish priest shall, on taking the oath of allegiance to his majesty, be entitled to a tenth part or tithe of all things tit liable in Ireland belonging to the papists, within their respective parishes. Swift.

TITHBY, a parish of England, in Nottinghamshire ; 2 miles from Bingham.

TITHE, s. [ceboa, Saxon, tenth.] The tenth part ; the part assigned to the maintenance of the ministry.

Sometimes comes she with a tithe pig’s tail,

Tickling the parson as he lies asleep.

Then dreams he of another benefice. Shakspcare.

The tenth part of any thing. — I have searched man by man, boy by boy ; the tithe of a hair was never lost in my house before. Shakspearc. — Small part; small portion, unless it be misprinted for titles. — Offensive wars for religion are seldom to be approved, unless they have some mixture of civil tithes. Bacon.

To TITHE, v. a. [ceobian, Saxon.] To tax; to levy the tenth part.

By decimation and a tithed death,

If thy revenges hunger for that food

Which nature loaths, take thou the destin'd tenth.

Shakspearc.

T I T

To TITHE, v. n. To pay tithe.

For lambe, pig, and calf, and for other the like,

Tithe so as thy cattle the lord do not strike. Tusscr.

TITHENIDIA [riGrivibta, Gr.], a Spartan festival. For the ceremonies observed on this occasion, see Potter, Archceol. Grcec. lib. ii. cap. 20. tom. i. p. 432, seq.

TITHES, Tythes, Tenths, Decimce, or Diximes, the tenth part of the increase, yearly arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants ; allotted to the clergy for their maintenance.

Tithes essentially differ from offerings, oblations, and ob- ventions, which are the customary payments for communi¬ cants at Easter, for marriages, christenings, churching of women, burials, and such like. See Oblations.

Tithes, with regard to their several kinds or natures, are personal, predial, and mixt.

Tithes, Personal, are those due or accruing from the profits of labour, art, trade, navigation, and industry of men, and of these, only the tenth part of the clear gains and pro¬ fits is due ; after charges deducted.

Tithes, Predial, are those which arise merely and immediately from the ground; as grain of all sorts, hay, wood, fruits, herbs; for a piece of land or ground, being called in Latin preedium (whether it be arable, meadow, or pasture), the fruit or produce of it is called predial.

Tithes, Mixt, are those which arise not immediately from the ground, but from things immediately nourished by the ground, as from beasts, and other animals fed with the fruits of the earth ; as colts, calves, lambs, chickens, milk, cheese, eggs-

Tithes, with regard to their value, are divided into great and small.

Tithes, Great, are those of corn, hay, and wood.

Tithes Small, are the predial tithes of other kinds, to¬ gether with those that are called mixt and personal. It is said, that this division may be altered by custom, which will make wood a small tithe in the endowment of the vicar ; by quantity, which will convert a small tithe into great ; and by change of place, which makes the same things, e. g. hops in gardens, small tithes, in fields great tithes. But it has been admitted, that the quantity of land within any parish, that is cultivated for a particular produce, cannot change the nature of the tithe : and, according to this opinion, the law is now settled, that the tithes are to be denominated great or small, according to the nature and quality of them, aud not according to the quantity.

Tithe was first legally enjoined by Moses, Lev. xxvii. 30. Numb, xviii, 21. Deut. xiv. 22. That legislator obliged the Israelites to the payment of several kinds of tithes.

Tithes are not established by Jesus Christ, as they were under the old law by the ministry of Moses ; the Christian priests, and the ministers of the altar of the new covenant, lived at first wholly upon the alms and oblations of the devout.

In after-times, the laity gave a certain proportion of their revenues to the clergy, but voluntarily, and not out of any constraint or obligation : the first instances we have of this, are in the fourth and fifth centuries.

This gift was called tithe, not that it was really a tenth part of their income, or near so much ; but only in imitation of the tithes of the old law.

In the following age, the prelates in their councils, in con¬ cert with the princes, made an express law to the purpose ; and obliged the laity to give a full tenth part of their revenues, their fruits, &c., to the ecclesiastics.

This the church enjoyed without disturbance for two or three centuries ; but in the eighth century the laity got hold of part of these tithes, either by their own authority, or by grants and donations of the princes ; and appropriated them to their own uses.

Some time afterwards they restored them, or applied them to the founding of monasteries or chapters, and the church

consented

Tusser.

Denham.

TIT

17

T I T

consented, at least tacitly, to this resitution. In 1179, the third council of Lateran, held under Alexander III., com¬ manded the laymen to restore all the tithes they yet held to the church.

In 1215, the fourth council of Lateran, held under Inno¬ cent III., moderated the matter a little ; and, without saying any thing of the tithes which the laity already possessed, forbad them to appropriate or take any more for the future.

We may observe, that, upon the first introduction of tithes, though every man was obliged to pay tithes in general, yet he might give them to what priests he pleased, which were called arbitrary consecrations of tithes, or he might pay them into the hands of the bishop, who distributed among his diocesan clergy the revenues of the church, which were then in common. But when dioceses were divided into parishes, the tithes of each parish were allotted to its own parti¬ cular minister; first by common consent, or the appoint¬ ments of lords of the manors, and afterwards by the written law of the land. However, arbitrary consecrations of tithes took place again afterwards, and became in general use with us till the time of king John. But in process of years, the income of the laborious parish-priests being scandalously reduced by these arbitrary consecrations of tithes, it was re¬ medied by pope Innocent III. about the year 1200, in a de¬ cretal epistle, sent to the archbishop of Canterbury, and dated from the palace of Lateran, which enjoined the payment of tithes to the parsons of the respective parishes, where every man inhabited, agreeably to what was afterwards directed by the same pope in other countries. This epistle, being reason¬ able and just, and correspondent to the ancient law, was al¬ lowed of, and became lex terrae.

TITHEFRE'E, adj. Exempt from payment of tithe. — All estates subject to tithes were transmitted, or purchased, subject to this incumbrance; for which the purchaser must have paid a greater price, and the farmer a higher rent, if they had been tithe-free. Abp. Hort.

TI'THER, s. One who gathers tithes.

TITHING, s. [ttSing, Saxon,] Tithing is the num- beror company of ten men with their families knit together in a society, all of them being bound to the king for the peace¬ able and good behaviour of each of their society : of these companies there was one chief person, who, from his office, was called (toothing-man) tithing-man ; but now he is nothing but a constable. Cowel. — Poor Tom, who is whipt from tithing to tithing, and stock punished and imprisoned. Shakspeare. — Tithe ; tenth part due to the priest.

Though vicar be bad, or the parson evil.

Go not for thy tithing thyself to the devil. Tusser.

Anciently no man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some tithing. — One of the principal inhabitants of the tithing was annually appointed to preside over the rest, being called the tithing-man, the head- borough, and in some countries the borsholder, or borough’s elder, being supposed the discretest man in the borough, town, or tithing. The distribution of England into tithings and hundreds is owing to king Alfred.

TI'THINGMAN, s. A petty peace-officer; an under¬ constable. — His hundred is not at his command further than his prince’s service ; and also every tithing-man may con- troul him. Spenser.

TI'THYMAL, s. [tithymalle, French; tithymallus, Lat.] An herb. Sherwood. — Rubbing the stem with cow- dung, or a decoction of tithyma/e. Evelyn.

TITI (Santi di), was born at Citta S. Sepolero, in the Florentine State, in 1538. He first acquired a knowledge of painting under the tuition of A . -Bronzino, and afterwards of Bandinelli, but owes the greater part of his fame to his studies at Rome, where he long resided, and from whence, as Lanzi observes, he carried back to his native country a graceful and scientific style of art, not supported by much ideal beauty, but chiefly characterized by the truth and freshness of nature ; and in expression he had few superiors in any school, none in his own. He adorned his pictures Vol. XXIV. No. 1624.

with pieces of architecture, which science he in a measure professed, and by its means gave great relief to his figures, and increased the dignity and beauty of his compositions. His principal works are, the Supper at Emmaus, painted for the church of St. Croce, at Florence; the Resurrection of Lazarus, in the Duomo di Volterra; and the Descent of the Holy Spirit, painted for a convent at Citta di Cas- tello. He died at Florence in 1603, aged 65, leaving a son, Tiberio Titi, born at Florence in 1578, who followed the same art with his father, but not with equal success.

TITIAN, the name by which we are acquainted with that great master, who is universally regarded as the head of the Venetian school of painting, Tiziano Vecelli da Cadore. This justly distinguished artist was born of noble parents at the castle of Cadore, in Friuli, in 1480, according to Vasari and Sandrart. The education he received, first from Sebas- tiano Zuccati of Trevigi, and afterwards from Giovanni Bel¬ lini at Venice, rendered him a diligent and subtle observer of nature. His early works exhibit the greatest correctness of imitation, but in a laboured and minute style, with a finish so highly wrought, that when, at a maturer age, he painted a picture for Ferrara of the tribute-money, in com¬ petition with Albert Durer, he excelled in nicety of pen¬ cilling that master of minuteness; with this difference, that his finish did not, like the German’s, obtrude itself, and impede the general effect, but obtained grandeur by dis¬ tance. This picture, to which he made no companion, as he soon after changed his style, now adorns the gallery of Dresden, and remains a proof of the sense this great artist entertained of the falsity of that taste, which seeks for gra¬ tification in mere finish, and which he deserted for the adoption of a style conveying general character instead of identity. It was from the better taste of his fellow-pupil Giorgione, that Titian imbibed a more exalted view of art, and was induced to quit the meaner and more confined style with which he commenced his practice ; and some portraits which he painted about this time are scarcely to be distin¬ guished from those of Giorgione himself. But he seems to have found it not exactly to his mind, and soon discovered a variety of style more congenial to his own feelings ; less softened, and perhaps less grand, but more agreeable ; a style which delights the spectator less by novelty of effect, than by the exactness of truth. His first work in this style, which is entirely his own, is the archangel Raphael leading Tobiah, painted in his thirteenth year for the sacristy of S. Marciale ; and soon after he painted the Presentation of the Virgin, at the Carita ; one of the richest of his compositions remaining.

On the death of Giorgione, in 1511, Titian succeeded him in several important commissions, and continuing to increase in renown, was invited to the court of Alfonso, duke of Fer¬ rara, for whom he painted the celebrated picture of Bacchus and Ariadne, now in England. Here he became acquainted with the poet Ariosto, whose portrait he painted, and in return was celebrated by him in his Orlando Furioso.

About 1523, Titian produced the work which, above all others, elevates him in the scale of merit among painters; viz., the celebrated picture of the Death of St. Peter the Martyr, for the church of S. Giovanni and S. Paolo at Venice, which has by almost all artists and connoisseurs been con¬ sidered his chef-d’oeuvre in history. This extraordinary picture was one of the first objects of French spoliation at Venice. It was painted originally on wood, but was trans¬ ferred to canvas in France, in consequence of its having been much blistered from the wood by the effect of sea-water in its voyage to Marseilles ; and it is now returned to its ori¬ ginal station in a more agreeable, if not more perfect con¬ dition, than when it was first removed. The excellence of this picture procured Titian, according to Vasari, a commission from the senate to paint the battle of Cadore between the Venetians and the Imperialists, or the rout of Giaradadda, in which the action proceeded during a tremendous storm of rain. This grand work was destroyed by fire, but the com¬ position is preserved to us by the print engraved by Fontana. Besides these, he painted several other public works, which, F together

18

TITIAN.

together with the friendly assistance of Pietro Aretino, whose pen delighted to dwell upon the powers of this great artist’s pencil, spread his fame in every direction, and he was ho¬ noured with a superabundance of employment.

P. Aretino, about 1341, introduced him to Fred. Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, whom he painted, and also, for him, a series of the twelve Caesars for a saloon in the palace ; which have been engraved in this work.

Titian had soon after the honour of painting pope Paul III., when he visited Ferrara in 1543, and was invited by that pontiff to Rome. He arrived there in 1546. Nothing could be more flattering than his reception by the pope, who immediately upon his arrival assigned him apartments in the Palazzo Belvidere, and employed him in painting his portrait at whole length, and those of the cardinal and the duke Ot- tavia, which gave universal satisfaction ; but an Ecce Homo, which he painted as a present to the pope, was not esteemed by the Roman artists, whose minds were accustomed to the works of Raphael and M. Angelo. The latter is said to have remarked to Vasari, after seeing T/tian at work on his Danae, that it was a great pity the Venetian painters applied themselves so little to design, and had not a better mode of study, being so perfectly skilful in colour and imitation. Adding, “ if this man were as much aided by art in design as he is by nature, and most particularly so in giving just resemblance of natural objects, he would be perfect; as he has a noble spirit, and a beautiful and lively manner.”

He did not remain long in Rome, but on his return to Venice visited Florence, where he beheld with delight the great works of art with which, it is adorned.

He received an invitation from Charles V. to visit Spain, and accordingly went to Madrid, where he arrived in 1550. He remained there three years, during which time he painted a great number of portraits and historical pictures. For the portrait which he painted of the emperor, he received 1000 crowns of gold, and was created a knight of the order of St. Jago, and a count palatine of the empire, with a stipend from the treasury of Naples of 200 crowns annually ; and to this, Phillip II. added afterwards 200 more, besides paying him munificently for each of his productions. When Charles had devoted his life to the austerities of a convent, he commissioned him to paint a large picture of the Trinity, accompanied by the Holy Virgin, and surrounded by saints and angels, in which the emperor, and the empress his wife, were represented elevated to the heavens, and in the act of adoration. There is a sketch of it in England, and a print has been engraven from the picture, by which it appears to have been a very grand work.

Though Titian had returned to his native place before Philip II. came into possession of the throne, and was as much engaged as he could be, yet that monarch, when he had built the Escurial, and conceived the idea of enriching it with the most splendid materials, resorted to his father’s favourite painter to assist him in perfecting it ; and though it does not appear that Titian returned to Spain, yet he must have employed his pencil very assiduously in its service, from the very great number of his pictures which are to be found there, many of them among his very finest productions.

Titian was invited by Henry VIII. to England, but his numerous engagements on the continent prevented him from coming. He painted, however, two pictures for Henry, which now adorn the Marquis of Stafford’s collection. Their subjects are the Rath of Diana, with the unfortunate intrusion of Acteon, and the Discovery of the crime of Calista: both are exquisite performances, and in tolerably good pre¬ servation.

This great painter is one of the happy few, for whom nature and circumstances have combined in fortunate con¬ junction. “ For him,” as Vasari justly observes, “ health and fortune laboured, and he received of heaven only happi¬ ness and blessings.” By him, the highest among men, the most learned, and the most beautiful, were proud to have their portraits transmitted to posterity. He was handsome in person and graceful in manners, and lived in a style worthy

of one so honoured and beloved. These blessings he was permitted to enjoy through a very uncommon portion of human existence, which was at length interrupted by the plague in his 96th year.

Perhaps no other production is so perfect in the combina¬ tion of every requisite quality of a fine painting, as Titian’s Death of S. Pietro Martire in composition, design, action, expression, chiaro-scuro, and colour. The choice of the scene, and the accompaniments, are every way adapted to assist in creating alarm and dismay : the tone of evening or twilight spread over the whole, and contrasted to the brilliant ray of heavenly light from above, aids the impression ; and the execution is in every part correspondent to the grandeur of form selected. This picture he painted, as we have said, in the prime of his life, when he was about forty-three ; and he continued long after to work in the same style, which is of his own creation, and totally different from both his for¬ mer laboured one, and his latter loose and vague manner. In this picture every part is wrought to an exact character of representation, though without minuteness, or in any degree trespassing upon the heroic nature of the tragic subject; aud there is no introduction of heterogeneous matter, as is too frequently to be found in his historic productions. Here he appears to have caught a glimpse of the grandeur of Michael Angelo’s style, and to have employed it more effectually than in any other of his works, except perhaps in the figures on the ceiling of the Salute, at Venice, and the Martyrdom of St. Laurence in the Jesuits’. In general, his selection of form is but little improved upon his model ; his male figures being too fleshy for character or action, and his females too full for elegance.

The mind of Titian appears to have been of a sedate and rather serious character. All his compositions are arranged with gravity ; even the gay and sometimes licentious sub¬ jects which be now and then amused himself with, are con¬ ducted with such a scale of chiaro-scuro and colour, as gives an air of morality to their effect, which imposes upon the spectator an air of sobriety, and induces him to discard those loose thoughts which the gay luxuriance of the style of Ru¬ bens, treating the same compositions, would inevitably excite.

Colouring appears to have been the grand foundation of the success of Titian. He knew better than any other painter the just power of each colour of his pallette; and by this knowledge, produced a species of chiaro-scuro inde¬ pendent of light and shade, and perfectly distinct from that of Corregio and Lionardo da Vinci, and more immediately imitative of the general effects of nature. Master of the means of imitating the most subtle combinations of colour invisible objects, and fully comprehending the degrees of purity or of tone with which colours might be employed individually or collectively, to assist in projecting or with¬ drawing the various parts of a picture, he never fails to gra¬ tify the eye with a full and true relief, correspondent with the nature of the subject. In this quality he was as much ideal as the Greeks and Florentines were in form ; for though the harmony and richness which he produced are to be found occasionally in nature, it is neither her every day attire, nor is it to be comprehended by superficial observers. There is a science of exceeding import to painting in the arrangements of colours, by which a skilful artist will create attraction or disgust, as it pleases him. Change the position of the colours of that most beautiful of nature’s works, the rainbow ; let the blue and the green occupy the centre, and the red and yellow the edges of it ; and judge how far it will decrease in its power of attraction. Of this science, Titian was the first great possessor ; and as he possessed the knowledge of the value of colours, so also did he that of the nature of shade ; that colour (to the painter at least, though it be the absence of it to the philosopher), which destroys all colours, and renders all alike obscure; and which is the most difficult of attainment in all that re¬ lates to the art of colouring. The tone of shade that Titian employed, whatever be the substance which pro¬ duced it, was used by no other so successfully, except Tin¬ toretto,

T I T

TIT

19

Wetto. It seems in its union with the local colours of ob¬ jects, to have produced the half teints without further labour; or at least to have laid such a foundation, as to have made that of the subsequent tinting very trifling ; and doubtless this mode of proceeding rendered him able to produce such an infinity of works as appear to have issued from his pencil. His errors flowed naturally, from the ease with which he produced the beauties of his style; and as the mind was filled with gratification by the delightful harmony and rich¬ ness of colour his works presented, so it sought the less for the qualities of expression, and appropriate dress and action in the figures ; and would not condemn too rudely the fre¬ quent admission of heterogeneous matter.

To the accusations of exhibiting defects like these, the works of Titian are far less justly subject than those of his imitators and successors in the Venetian school of painting; none of whom possessed the taste and judgment of this great master, though many were eminently skilful in their respective departments.

TITIAN O (Girolamo Dante), called II. According to Ridolfi, he was brought up in the school of Titian, and was employed by that master to assist him in several of his works. By frequently painting in conjunction with him, and some¬ times copying his works, some of his pictures, retouched by Titian, have passed for originals by that master. He some¬ times painted' from his own designs, and his picture in the church of St. Giovanni, at Venice, representing S. S. Cosmo and Damiano, is worthy of the school in which he was edu¬ cated. Bryan's Diet.

TITICACA, a lake of South America, formerly in Peru, now in the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. It is situated in the plains that lie between the two Cordilleras, in the north¬ western part of the province of Los Charcas. It is the most considerable of all the lakes of South America. The lake contains several islands, and amongst these that of Titicaca, the supposed residence of Manco Capac, the founder of the Peruvian nation.

TITICACA, a large island in the middle of the above lake. It is three leagues long, one wide, and five in circumference, and about one mile from the shore.

To TITILLATE, v. n. [titillo Lat.] To tickle.

Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew,

A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;

The gnomes direct to every atom just.

The pungent grains of titillating dust. Pope.

TITILLATION, s. [titillation, French; titillatio, Lat. from titillate .] The act of tickling.-- -Tickling causeth laughter ; the cause may be the emission of the spirits, and so of the breath, by a flight from titillation. Bacon. — The state of being tickled. — In sweets, the acid particles seem so attenuated in the oil as only to produce a small and grateful titillation , Arbuthnot. — Any slight or petty pleasure. — The delights which result from these nobler enter¬ tainments our cool thoughts need not be ashamed of, and which are dogged by no such sad sequels as are the products of those titillations, that reach no higher than the senses. Glanvi/le.

TITLARK, s. A bird. See Tit, and Titmouse — The smaller birds do the like in their seasons; as the leverock, titlark , and linnet. Walton.

TITLE, s. [citul, Saxon ; titelle, old Fr. ; titulus, Lat.] A general head comprising particulars. — Three draw the ex¬ periments of the former four into titles and tables for the better drawing of observations; these we call compilers. Bacon. — An appellation of honour.

To leave his wife, to leave his babes,

His mansion, and his titles, in a place

From whence himself does fly. Shakspeare.

A name ; an appellation.

My name’s Macbeth.

— The devil himself could not pronounce a title

More hateful to mine ear. Shakspeare .

The first page of a book, telling its name, and generally its subject; an inscription.

This man’s brow, like to a title leaf,

Foretels the nature of a tragic volume. Shakspeare.

A claim of right.

’Tis our duty

Such monuments as we can build, to raise;

Lest all the world prevent what we should do,

And claim a title in him by their praise. Dry den.

To TITLE, v. a. To entitle ; to name ; to call.

To these, that sober race of men, whose lives Religious titled them the sons of God,

Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame,

Ignobly ! Milton.

TI'TLELESS, adj. Wanting a name or appellation. Not now in use.

He was a kind of nothing, titleless ,

Till he had forg’d himself a name o’ th’ fire

Of burning Rome. Shakspeare.

TITLEPAGE, s. The page containing the title of a book. — We should have been pleased to have seen our own names at the bottom of the title-page. Dryden.

TITLEY, a parish of England, in Herefordshire; 3 miles north-east-by-east of Kington.

TITLINGTON, a hamlet of England, in Northumberland; 65 miles west-by-north of Alnwick.

TITMANING, or Ditmaning, a small town of Bavaria, on the river Salza ; 23 miles north-north- west of Salzburg, and 50 east of Munich. Population 2200.

TITMEG, a lake of North America. Lat. 62. 15. N. long. 99. W.

TITMOUSE, or Tit, s. [tijt, Dutch, a chick, or small bird; titlingier, Icelandic, a little bird : tit signifies little in the Teutonic dialects.] A small bird.

The nightingale is sovereign of song,

Before him sits the titmouse silent by,

And I unfit to thrust in skilful throng.

Should Colin makejudge of my foolerie. Spenser.

TITSCHEIN, New, a town of the Austrian states, in Moravia; 31 miles east of Olmutz. It contains 4300 inha¬ bitants, and has extensive woollen manufactures.

TITSEY, a parish of England, in Surrey ; 5 miles north¬ east-by-east of Godstone.

TITTENHANGER, a hamlet of England, in Hertford¬ shire ; 24 miles south-east-by-east of St. Alban’s. Popula¬ tion 316.

TITTENLEY, a small village of England, in Cheshire, near Congleton.

TITTENSOR, a hamlet of England, in Staffordshire ; 4 miles north-west-by-north of Stone.

To TITTER, v. n. [formed, I suppose, from the sound. Dr. Johnson. — Rather perhaps from teitr, Icel. very merry. Todd.~\ To laugh with restraint ; to laugh without much noise.

In flow’d at once a gay embroider’d race,

And t it t' ring push’d the pedants off the place. Pope.

The swain mistrustless of his smutted face,

While secret laughter titter'd r'ound the place. Goldsmith.

TITTER, s. A restrained laugh. — The belle’s shrill titter, and the squire’s broad stare. Neville. — It is doubtful what it signifies in Tusser, unless it be small weeds.

From wheat go and rake out the titters or tine,

If eare be not forth, it will rise again fine. Tusser.

TITTERIE, the central province of the kingdom of Algiers, being that in which the capital is contained. It is about 60 miles long by 40 broad, extending from the coast of the Mediterranean to the plain of the Bled el Jereede, which separates it from the Sahara.

TITTESWORTH, a township of England, in the parish of Leeke, Staffordshire.

TITTING, or Dietting, a small town of Germany, in Bavaria; 8 miles north of Eichstadt, and 36 west of Ra- tisbon.

TITTLE,

T I Y

20 T I V

TITTLE, s. [I suppose from tit. Dr. Johnson. — German tuttel, punctum, apex, ab absoleto Anglo Sax. Syban, figere, pungere. Wachter and Serenius. ] A small particle ; a point; a dot. — In the particular which concerned the church, the Scotch would never depart from a tittle. Clarendon.

Angels themselves disdaining T’ approach thy temple, give thee in command What to the smallest tittle thou shalt say To thy adorers. Milton.

TITTLESHALL, or Titlf.shall, a parish of England, in Norfolk; 6 miles south-south- west of Fakenham. Popu¬ lation 417.

TI'TTLETATTLE, s. [A word formed from tattle by a ludicrous reduplication.] Idle talk; prattle ; empty gabble.

As the foe drew near With love, and joy, and life and dear,

Our don, who knew this tittle-tattle,

Did, sure as trumpet, call to battle. Prior.

An idle talker. Sherwood. — Impertinent tittle-tattles, who have no other variety in their discourse than that of talking slower or faster. Taller.

To TI'TTLETATTLE, v. n. To prate idly. — You must be tittle-tattling before all our guests. Shakspeare.

TITTLET A'TTLI NG, s. The act of prating idly.— You are full in your titt let at flings of Cupid : here is Cupid, and there is Cupid : I will tell you now what a good old woman told me. Sidney.

To TITUBATE, ®. n. [ tituho , Lat.] To stumble. This is an old verb in Cockeram’s vocabulary. Dr. Johnson uses it in one of his definitions of to trip.

TITUBA'TION, s. [tituho, Lat.] The act of stumbling.

TITUL, a large village in the south of Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and the Danube, and the chief place of the district belonging to the Tschaikists or Danube pontooneers.

TITULAR, adj. [ titulus , Lat.] Nominal; having or conferring only the title. — They would deliver up the kingdom to the king of England to shadow their rebel lion, and to be titular and painted head of those arms. Bacon.

TITUL A'RITY, s. The state of being titular.— Julius, Augustus, and Tiberius, with great humility received the name of imperator ; but their successors retain the same even in its titularity. Brown.

TI'TULARLY, adv. Nominally ;i by title only.— The church representative is a general council; not titular ly so, as the conventicle of Trent; but plenarily true, general, and lawful. Mountagu.

TITULARY, adj. [ titulus , Lat.] Consisting in a title. ■ — The malecontents of his kingdom have not been base nor titulary impostors, but of an higher nature. Bacon. — Relating to a title. — William the Conqueror, how¬ soever he used the power of a conqueror to reward his Normans, yet mixed it with a titulary pretence grounded upon the Confessor’s will. Bacon.

TITULARY, s. One that has a title or right.— The persons deputed for the celebration of these masses were neither titularies nor perpetual curates, but persons entirely couductitious. Ay life.

TITUMATI, a river of South America, in the province of Darien, which joins the Chucunaqui. — There is another river of this name in the same province, which enters the .sea in the gulf of Tucumarh

TITUS VESPASIANUS, a Roman emperor, was the eldest son of Vespasian, and born A. D. 40. See Rome.

T1VDIJA, a small river in the north-west of European Russia, which flows into the lake Onega on the west side. Quantities of fine marble are seen along its banks.

TIVERTON, a market-town and borough of England, in the county of Devon, situated at the confluence of the Axe and Loman rivers, from which circumstance it was anciently called Twyfordtown, or Twofordtown. It stands on the slope of a hill, rising gently towards the north, and formed

at the base triangularly by the courses of the streams. The town extends in length nearly a mile, and in breadth three quarters. The inhabitants have long been characterised for their social intercourse and mutual harmony. Regular assemblies, concerts, and card parties, are frequent in the winter, and many evening clubs and friendly societies have been formed, Tiverton was anciently governed by a port¬ reeve and other officers ; but by charter from James I. it was incorporated under a mayor, 12 capital burgesses, and 12 assistants, who elect a recorder. The right of returning two members to parliament was also granted, which has ever since been retained. In consequence of some mistakes in the elec¬ tion of a mayor, in 1724, the town was re-incorporated by charter of the 1 1th of George I. Tiverton is a place of con¬ siderable antiquity. It was a village in the reign of Alfred, and described in the Doomsday Survey as lands belonging to the king. 1269 houses, and 6732 inhabitants. Market on Tuesday, and a small one on Saturday ; also one on Monday for kerseys, with two annual fairs; 14 miles north of Exeter, and 181 west-by-south of London. Lat. 50. 54. N. long. 3. 29. W.

TIVERTON, a township of England, in Cheshire ; 2 miles south of Tarporley. Population 493.

TIVERTON, a post township in the United States, in Newport county, Rhode Island. It is on the mainland, opposite to Portsmouth, with which it is connected by a bridge. Population 2837 ; 54 miles south-west of Boston.

TIVETSHALL, St. Margaret and St. Mary, united parishes of England, in Norfolk ; 5§ miles north-east of Diss.

TIVIOT, or Chiviot Mountains, the high hills on the borders of England and Scotland.

TIVOKEA, an island in the South Pacific ocean. It is low and sandy, of an elliptic form ; 18 miles in its longest diameter. There is a lagoon in the centre, which is entered from the south-west end of the island. Trees and shrubs are numerous, but the soil is extremely scanty, consisting of a very thin covering of mould, over a low coral foundation. The "inhabitants are stout made, of a dark brown, and puncture or tattoo themselves with the figures of fishes. Their features are not disagreeable ; their hair and beards generally black and curling. They go perfectly naked, all except a small piece of cloth around the loins. Lat. 14. 28. S. long. 144. 56. W.

TIVOLI (the Tibur of the ancients), a considerable town in the central part of Italy, about 18 miles east-by-north of Rome. It is delightfully situated on an eminence, sheltered on one side by Monte Castali and a circular range of the Sabine mountains, while on the other it commands an ex¬ tensive prospect over the Campagna di Roma. The sides of the hill on which it stands are covered with olives and fruit trees ; but its great attraction now, as in former ages, consists in the falls of the Teverone (the ancient Anio), which glides gently through the town, till reaching the brink of a rock, over which it precipitates itself near 100 feet in one mass, and after boiling up in its narrow channel, rushes through a chasm of the rock into a cavern below. On the summit of the steep bank stands a beautiful temple of the Corinthian order, supposed to have been dedicated to Vesta, and built in the Augustan age.

TFVY, adj. [A word expressing speed, from tantivy, the note of a hunting-horn.]

In a bright moon-shine while winds whistle loud,

Tivy, tivy, tivy, we mount and we fly.

All rocking in a downy white cloud :

And lest our leap from the sky should prove too far,

We slide on the back of a new-falling star. Dry den.

TIVY or Towey, a river of Wales, in the county of Caer- marthen, one of the principal in the whole principality. It rises from an extensive morass in the Alpine valley of Berwin, in the cdunty of Cardigan, and runs southwards to Lindovery ; and being joined by a stream from Brecknockshire, turns towards the west, passes Llangaddock and Llandilovawr, and thence running due west, in a delightful vale, passes Caer-

marthen.

T O

21

T L E

marthen , and turning towards the south, falls into Caermar- then bay, in a large estuary.

T1XALL, a parish of England, in Staffordshire ; 3| miles east-by-south of Stafford.

TIXENDALE, or Thkixkndale, a township of Eng¬ land, in the parish of Wharram Piercy, East Riding of York¬ shire; 8£ miles south-south-east of New Malton.

TIXOVER, a parish of England, in Rutlandshire ; 71- miles east-by-north of Uppingham.

TIXTLAN, a town of Mexico, and capital of a jurisdic¬ tion of the same name ; situated 30 leagues from the coast of the Pacific ocean.

T1ZAPAN, the name of three inconsiderable settlements in Mexico.

TIZE, orTiz, a sea- port of Mekran, in Persia, the Tiza of Ptolemy, once important, but now reduced to a miserable village of fifty or sixty huts.

TIZNADOS, a river of the Caraccas, in the province of Venezuela, which enters the Portugueza.

TJERINGKIN, a considerable fishing village on the island of Java, on the west coast. It was formerly a military post, with a block-house, which was burnt by the British ships of war. It is situated at the mouth of a river which is navigable a long way up for small prows ; 103 miles west from Batavia.

TJIDANEE, or Tangerang, a river of the island of Java, which falls into the sea of Java, near Batavia bay.

TJIDOVEAN, a river of Java, which runs a northerly course, and falls into the Java sea, in the bay of Bantam. During the rains it is very rapid, and scarcely passable.

TLACOLTEPEC, a settlement of Mexico, in the intend¬ ancy of Puebla de los Angeles, containing 148 Indian fa¬ milies.

TLACOLULA, a settlement of Mexico, in the intendancy of Puebla de los Angeles, containing 262 Indian families.

TLACOLULA, a settlement in the intendancy of Mexico, containing 270 Indian families. There are two other incon¬ siderable settlements of the same name in Mexico.

TLALCHICOMULA, a settlement of Mexico, in the in¬ tendancy of Puebla de los Angeles, containing 700 families of Indians, Spaniards, mestizoes, ar.d mulattoes.

TLALNEPLANTA, a settlement of Mexico, in the in- tendancy of Mexico, containing 850 Indian families.

TLALPUJAGUA, a town of Mexico, in the intendancy of Valladolid ; 77 miles west of Mexico.

TLALTIZAPAN, a settlement of Mexico, in the intend¬ ancy of Mexico, containing 150 Indian families.

TLAMANALCO, a settlement of Mexico, in the intend¬ ancy of Mexico, containing 1360 families of Indians ; 6 miles east of Chaleo.

TLAPOYACA, a settlement of Mexico, in the intendancy of Oaxaca, which contains 180 families of Indians — There is another settlement of the same name in the intendancy of Valladolid.

TLAXCALLA, or Tlascalla, a government of Mexico, in the intendancy of Puebla de los Angeles, which, in 1793, contained 5p,177 inhabitants, whereof 21,849 were male, and 21,029 fenjale Indians. It is bounded on the north by Vera Cruz, on the east by Oaxaca or Guaxaca, on the south by the Pacific, and on the west by the province of Mexico ; and is about 354 miles in length, and from 40 to 150 in breadth. The soil anc! productions are nearly the same with Mexico.

TLAXCALLA, the capital of the above province, situated cm the side of a high mountain, and on the banks of a small river which runs into the Pacific ocean ; 64 miles east of Mexico. Lat. 19. 19. 30. N. long. 98. W.

TLAZASALCA, the capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the intendancy of Valladolid ; 70 miles west-by¬ north of Mexico.

TLEMSAN, or Tremecen, the most westerly of the three provinces into which the kingdom of Algiers is di¬ vided.

TLEMSAN, or Tremecen, a city of Algiers, capital of the province of the same name. It was once an important place, and the metropolis of a kingdom ; but in 1670, on VoL. XXIV. No. 1624.

occasion of a revolt of the inhabitants, Hassan, then dey of Algiers, laid it in ruins, so that there does not now remain above one-sixth part of the old City, which, when entire, might have been four miles in circuit. It is placed on a rising ground, below some rocky precipices, whence issue a number of springs ; 220 miles west-south-west of Algiers, and 50 south-south-west of Oran.

TLETCH, a small town of Tobolsk, in Asiatic Russia, on the Irtysch ; 72 miles east-south-east of Tobolsk.

TLUMATSCHAU, or Tlumaszow, a small town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, on the river March ; 12 miles east of Hradisch, and 39 east of Brunn. Population 1100.

TO, adv. [Co, Saxon ; te, Dutch.] A particle coming between two verbs, and noting the second as the object of the first.- — The delay of our hopes teaches us to mortify our desires. Smalridge. — It notes the intention.

Ambitious fool ! with horny hoofs to pass O’er hollow arches of resounding brass.

To rival thunder. Dry den.

It notes the consequence. — I have done my utmost to lead my life so pleasantly as to forget all misfortunes. Pope. — After an adjective, it notes its object.

We ready are to try our fortunes

To the last man. Shakspearc.

Noting futurity. — It is not blood and bones that can be conscious of their own hardness and redness; and we are still to seek for something else in our frame that receives those impressions. Bentley.

To and again, or To and fro, backward and forward. The spirits perverse With easy intercourse pass to and fro,

To tempt or punish mortals. Milton.

Quite ; entirely ; much ; very : preceding a verb, parti¬ ciple, or adjective; formerly much in use; now obsolete. Let them all encircle him about,

And, fairy-like, to pinch the unclean knight. Shalcspeare.

TO, preposition. — Noting motion towards, opposed to from.

Tybalt fled;

But by and by comes back to Romeo,

And to' t they go like lightning. Shakspearc.

Give not over so ; to him again, entreat him,

Kneel down before him. Shakspearc.

Noting accord or adaptation.

Thus they with sacred thought Mov’d on in silence to soft pipes. Milton.

Noting address or compellation.

Now to you, Raymond : can you guess no reason

Why I repose such confidence in you ? Dry den.

Noting attention or application.

Turn out, you rogue ! how like a beast you lie :

Go buckle to the law. Drydcn .

Noting addition or accumulation.

Wisdom he has, and to his wisdom courage ;

Temper to that, and unto all success. Denliam.

Noting a state or place whither any one goes. — Take you some company and away to horse. Shakspearc , — Noting opposition.

No foe unpunish’d in the fighting field.

Shall dare thee foot to foot with sword and shield. Dry den.

Noting amount. — There were to the number of three hun¬ dred horse, and as many thousand foot English. Bacon. — Noting proportion.

With these bars against me.

And yet to win her — all the world to nothing. Shakspearc.

Noting possession or appropriation.— -Still a greater diffi¬ culty upon translators rises from the peculiarities every lan¬ guage hath to itself. Felton. — Noting perception,

G

The

22 T 0 A

The flower itself is glorious to behold.

Sharp to the taste. Dryden.

Noting the subject of an affirmation.

I trust, I may not trust thee; for thy word Is but the vain breath of a common man :

Believe me, I do not believe thee, man ;

I have a king’s oath to the contrary. Shakspeare.

In comparison of. As far as. — Some Americans, otherwise of quick parts, could not count to one thousand, nor had any distinct idea of it, though they could reckon very well to twenty. Locke. — Noting intention.

This the consul sees, yet this man lives.

Partakes the public cares ; and with his eye

Marks and points out each man of us to slaughter. B. Jonson.

After an adjective it notes the object.

All were attentive to the godlike man,

When from his lofty couch he thus began. Dryden.

Noting obligation. — Almanzor is taxed with changing sides, and what tie has he on him to the contrary ? He is not born their subject, and he is injured by them to a very high degree. Dryden. — Respecting.

He’s walk'd the way of nature;

And to our purposes he lives no more. Shakspeare.

Noting extent. — From the beginning to the end all is due to supernatural grace. Hammond. — Towards. — She stretch’d her arms to heav’n. Dryden. — Noting presence. — She still beareth him an invincible hatred, and revileth him to his face. Swift. — Noting effect; noting consequence.

Thus, to their fame, when finish’d was the fight.

The victors from their lofty steeds alight. Dryden.

After a verb to notes the object.

Give me some wine ; fill full,

1 drink to th’ general joy of the whole table,

And to our dear friend Banquo. Shakspeare.

Noting the degree. — Tell her thy brother languishes to death. Addison. — Before day, to notes the present day ; before morrow, the day next coming ; before night, either the present night, or night next coming.

Banquo, thy soul’s flight,

If it find heav’n, must find it out to night. Shakspeare.

2'o day, to night, to morrow, are used, not very properly, as substantives in the nominative and other cases.

To morrow, and to morrow, and to morrow.

Creeps in this petty pace from day to day ;

And all our yesterdays have lighted fools

The way to dusky death. Shakspeare.

To day is ours, why do we fear ?

To day is ours, we have it here ;

Let’s banish bus’ness, banish sorrow,

To the gods belongs to morrow. Cowley.

TOA, a river of the island of Porto Rico, which runs into the harbour of Porto Rico.

TOAD, s. [tabe, Saxon.] A paddock ; an animal re¬ sembling a frog ; but the frog leaps, the toad crawls : the toad is accounted venomous, but without reason.

From th’ extremest upward of thy head,

To the descent and dust below thy foot,

A most Zorzff-spotted traitor. Shakspeare.

The toad is the rana bufo of Linnaeus, in Zoology See Rana.

TO'ADEATER, s. A contemptuous term of modern times for a fawning parasite, a servile sycophant. — I was re¬ duced to be as miserable a toadeater as any in Great Britain, which in the strictest sense of a word is a servant, except that the toadeater has the honour of dining with my lady, and the misfortune of receiving no wages. Sir C. Hanbury.

TO'ADFISH, s. A kind of sea-fish. See Lophius Pis- catiux.

TO'ADFLAX, 5. A plant.

TO'ADISH, adj. Venomous ; like a toad. — -A speckled,

T O B

ioadish, or poison-fish, as the seamen from experience named it. Sir T. Herbert.

TO'ADSTONE, s. A concretion supposed to be found in the head of a toad. — The toadstone presumed to be found in the head of that animal is not a thing impossible. BroWn.

TO'ADSTOOL, s. Probably from a vulgar notion that the eating of this poisonous fungus, furnished the toad with his poison. — A plant like a mushroom.

The grisly todestool grown there mought I see,

And loathed paddocks lording on the same. Spettser.

Another imperfect plant like a mushroom, but sometimes as broad as a hat, called toadstool, is not esculent. Bacon.

TOAHOUTA, one of the smaller Society islands, near Otaha.

To TOAST, v. a. [ toste , old French, Lacombe ; torreo, tostum, Latin.] To dry or heat at the fire. — The earth whereof the grass is soon parched with the sun, and toasted, is commonly forced earth. Bacon. — To allure mice I find no other magic than to draw out a piece of toasted cheese. Brown. — To name when a health is drunk. See the noun. — Several popish gentlemen toasted many loyal healths. Addison.

We’ll try the empire you so long have boasted ;

And if we are not prais’d we’ll not be toasted. Prior.

To TOAST, v. it. To give a toast or health to be drunk. — Let not both houses of parliament have law dictated to them by the Constitutional, the Revolution, and the Unitarian societies. These insect reptiles, whilst they go only caballing and toasting, only fill us with disgust. Burke.

TOAST, s. Bread dried before the fire. — You are both as rheumatic as two dry toasts ; you cannot one bear with another’s infirmities. Shakspeare. — Every third day take a small toast of manchet, dipped in oil of sweet almonds new drawn, and sprinkled with loaf sugar. Bacon. — Bread dried and put into liquor.

Where’s then the saucy boat Co-rival’d greatness ? or to harbour fled,

Or made a toast for Neptune. Shakspeare.

Some squire, perhaps, you take delight to rack ;

Whose game is whisk, whose treat a toast in sack. Pope.

A celebrated woman whose health is often drunk. Dr. Johnson. This was at first the meaning; the reason of which is now given in the example from the Tatier. It is now ap¬ plied to public characters, or private friends, whose healths we propose to drink. — It happened that on a public day, a celebrated beauty of those times [King Charles II.’s]w'asin the Cross-Bath, [at Bath,] and one of the crowd of her ad¬ mirers took a glass of the water, in which the fair one stood, and drank her health to the company. There was in the place a gay fellow half fuddled, who offered to jump in, and swore though he liked not the liquor, he would have the toast. He was opposed in his resolution ; yet this whim gave foun¬ dation to the present honour which is done to the lady we mention in our liquor, v'ho has ever since been called a toast. Tatier. — I shall likewise mark out every toast, the club in which she was elected, and the number of votes that were on her side. Addison.

Say, why are beauties prais’d and honour’d most,

The wise man’s passion, and the vain man’s toast?

Why deck’d with all that land and sea afford,

Why angels call’d, and angel-like ador’d ? Pope.

TO'ASTER, s. One who toasts.

We simple toasters take delight To see our women’s teeth look white;

And ev’rv saucy ill-bred fellow

Sneers at a mouth profoundly yellow. Prior.

TOBA, a small island in the Eastern seas, near the west coast of Aroo. Lat. 5. 8. S. long. 135.9. E. ,

TOBA'CCO, s. [from 2'obaco or Tobago in America. It is said not to have been known in Europe before 1560.] See Nicotianum.

And for tobacco — who can bear it ?

Filth v concomitant of claret. Prior.

TOBACCO

T 0 B

TOBACCO KEY, a small island in the bay of Honduras, near the coast of Yucatan. Lat. 16. 45. N. long. S8. 35. W.

TOBACCO POINT, a cape on the coast of Maryland, in the river Potomack ; 37 miles south-south-west of Annapolis.

TOBA'CCONING, adj. Smoking tobacco. — Neither was it any news on this guild-day to have the cathedral, now open” on all sides, to be filled with musketeers, waiting for the major’s return, drinking and tobacconing as freely as if it had been turned ale-house. Bp. Hall.

TOBA'CCONIST, s, A preparer and vender of tobacco. — Hence it is, that the lungs of the tobacconist are rotted. B. Jonson.

TOBA'CCO-STOPPER, s. An instrument to press to¬ bacco down into a pipe.

It is a planet now I see;

And, if I err not, by his proper

Figure, that’s like a tobacco-stoppcr. Hudibras.

TOBAGO, one of the Carribee islands, in the West In¬ dies; about 25 miles in length, from south-east to north¬ west, and about 12 in its greatest breadth. This island was first discovered by Columbus, in the year 1498; but we know of no settlement that he or any of his countrymen made upon the island. When an adventurous spirit for dis¬ coveries prevailed in England under Queen Elizabeth, Sir Robert Dudley, son of the famous earl of Leicester, in an expedition against Trinadada, gave the.English governor the first hint of peopling Tobago, which was then uninhabited by any European nation ; but this proposal met with small encouragement. William, earl of Pembroke, in the year 1628, obtained a grant of this island, with that of Barbuda and St. Bernard ; but his death happening in less than two years after, the design came to nothing. About the year 1632, some Zealanders having fitted out a small squadron for trading to those islands, made such a favour¬ able report of this in particular upon their return home, that the company of merchants to which they belonged, under¬ took to settle it, and gave it the name of New Walcheren, from one of the islands in Zealand. The new colony, in a short time, increased to about 200, who, finding themselves pestered by the visit; of the Caribean Indians, began to erect a fort for their preservation. The Indians hid recouise to the Spaniards, who readily granted them assistance. They sent a force upon the island, which demolished the rising fort, and exterminated the new colony. It was pro¬ bably from some Dutch merchants who travelled to Cour- land, that James, duke of that country, conceived the de¬ sign of settling Tobago : being a prince of an active dispo¬ sition, and finding there was room for such a settlement, he sent over a colony of his own subjects, who settled upon what has since been called Great Courland bay, and erected a small regular fort, with a town, in the neighbourhood ; and the duke’s title was farther confirmed by a grant from Charles II. king of England, but disputed by the Dutch. Upon the extinction of the Kettler family, dukes of Cour¬ land, in the person of Ferdinand, son of duke James, the fief of the island of Tobago reverted to the crown of England, in 1737, and by the definitive treaty concluded at Paris, in 1763, Tobago was ceded in full right to Great Britain.

Tobago possesses almost every kind of plant that grows in the Antilles, and besides, like Trinidad, the greater part of those which are peculiar to Spanish Guiana and Cape de Paria. The most valuable are Indian corn, Guinea corn, peas, beans, French beans, figs, pine-apples, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, limes, plantains, bananas, grapes, guavas, tamarinds, prickly pears, papas, and a variety of other fruits which are not to be found in Europe. Lat. 11. 16. N. long. 60. 30. W.

TOBAGO, Littj.e, a small island, near the east coast of Tobago ; about 2 miles long and 1 broad.

TOBAK, a small town of the south-west of European Russia, in Bessarabia ; 34 miles north-north- west of Ismail.

TOBATI, a settlement of Indians in the province and government of Paraguay; 30 miles east from Assumption. Lat. 25. 16. S. long. 57. 8. W.

TOC 23

TOBATI GUAZU, a small river of the province and go¬ vernment of Paraguay, which runs north-north-west, and enters the Iboig.

TOBATI MINI, a river of the province and government of Paraguay, which runs north, and enters the river Grande.

TOBBERCURRY, a small village of Ireland, in the county of Sligo ; 103J miles north-west of Dublin.

TOBED NIGAURLEDEGH, a river of New Brunswick, which runs into the St. John. Lat. 46. 50. N. long. 67. 36. W.

TOBEL, a large village in the south-west of Germany, in Wirtemberg, in the mountainous track called the Black Fo¬ rest. Population 900.

TOBEL, a small town of the Swiss canton of Thurgau ; 6 miles south of Frauerfeld.

TOBERDONNY, a village of Ireland, in the county oi Galway ; 104 miles west-north- west of Dublin.

TOBERMOREY, a village of Scotland, in the parish ot Kilninian, in the island of Mull, in Argyllshire, lately built by the British Society for the Encouragement of Fisheries. It contains about 600 inhabitants.

TOBITSCHAU, or Towaczow, a small town of the Austrian states, in Moravia ; 12 miles south of Olmutz. Population 1100.

TOBLACH, or Doubiaco, a small town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, near the source of the Drave, and 16 miles east-south-east of Brunecker.

TOBO, a village of Middle Sweden, in the province of Upsal, with large iron works.

TOBOL, a considerable river of Asiatic Russia, which rises near the southern extremity of the Oural mountains. The first considerable stream which it receives is the Oui or Ouk, on its left bank, after the junction with which it be¬ comes navigable.

TOBOLSK, the name of one of the two great govern¬ ments into which Asiatic Russia is divided, forming the western part of that immense territory. See Russia.

TOBOLSK, a large city, capital of the government of the same name, and of Asiatic Russia in general. It is situated on the river Irtysch, close to its junction with the Tobol.

TOBOSO, a town, or rather very large village, in the in¬ terior of Spain, in the province of La Mancha. It has 4000 inhabitants; but its chief and almost only title to notice arises from the prominent place given to it in the adventures of Don Quixote; 68 miles south-south-east of Madrid. TOBRONO, a settlement of the island of Cuba. TQBULBA, a small sea-port on the eastern coast of Tunis, in Africa.

TOBY, a township of the United States, in Armstrong county, Pennsylvania. Population 611.

TOBY’S CREEK, a river of the United States, in Penn¬ sylvania, which runs info the Allegany, 20 miles below Franklin. It is about 55 miles long, and is navigable for batteaux through a great part of its course.

TOCACH1, a river of Quito, which runs south, and enters the Pisque, in lat. 0. 3. N.

TOCAIGH, a bay on the west coast of the island of Owhyee. Lat. 20. 3. N. long. 204. 4. E.

TOCAIMA, a city of New Granada, in the government of Mariquita, near the Rio Bogota. The city is small, but has a good parish church ; 56 miles south-west of Santa Fe, in the high road leading down to Honda, Mariquita, Neiva, and Popayan. Lat. 4. 16. N. long. 74. 59. W.

TOCALON, a settlement of New Granada, in the pro¬ vince of Carthagena, situate on the shore of the Magdalena.

TOCAMA, a settlement of Peru, in the province ol Tucuman.

TOCANA, a river of New Granada, in the province ot Tunja, which rises east of this city, and enters the Meta.

TOCANTINES, a large river which has its head waters in tlie interior of Brazil, in the capitania of Goiaz, in lat. about 19. S., and near the sources of the river Parana, which carries its waters into the Plata.

TOC AT, or Tokat a large and commercial city, situated in the interior of Asia Minor, in the pachalic of Sivas. It

rises '

24

TOD

Ts 0 D

rises in the form of an amphitheatre, in a deep valley on the banks of the Jekil Irmak, the ancient Iris. The streets, though frequently steep, from the unevenness of the ground, are well paved, which is rare in this country. Tocat is the ancient Berisa ; 40 miles north-west of Sivas. Lat. 30, 35. N. long. 36. 30. E.

TOCAYA, a village of Brazil, in the district of Minas Novas, situated at the conflux of the Jigitonhonha with the Rio Grande. It is situated in the diamond district, and is chiefly supported by this trade; 35 miles north-east of Te- juco.

TOCCO, a town of Naples, in the Abruzzo Citra, on the river Pescara. Like other places in this part of Italy, it has suffered repeatedly from earthquakes; 24 miles west-south¬ west of Ortona-a-Mare.

TOCHIMILCO, a town of Mexico, and capital of a district of the same name, in the intendancy of Puebla ; 60 miles south-east of Mexico. Lat. 19. 10. S. long. 274. 45. W.

TOCKETS, or Toccotes, a township of England, North Riding of Yorkshire ; 1± mile north of Guisborough.

TOCKHOLES, a township of England, in Lancashire; 4 miles south-south- west of Blackburn. Population 1077.

TOCKWITH, a parish of England, East Riding of Yorkshire ; 5k miles north-east of Wetherby. Population 419.

TOCOME, a river of Guiana, which rises in the country of the Indians, and joins the Hacha.

TOCOTA, a river of Portuguese Guiana, which runs south, and enters, with a large body, into the Parime.

TOCRUR, a kingdom of Central Africa, described by the Arabian writers as situated along the Niger, or, as they termed it, Nile of the Negroes, to the west of Ghana.

TO'CSIN, s. [ tocsein , old Fr. “ cloche d’alarme ; de Lat. tangere signum." Roquefort.'] An alarm-bell. — 'The priests went up into the steeple, and rang the bells backward, which they call tocksaine, whereupon the people of the suburbs flocked together. Fulke.

TOCSON HOTUN, a town of Western Tartary; 20 miles west-south- west of Turfan.

TOCUYO, a town of South America, in the government of the Caraccas, and in the province of Venezuela, situated near the source of the river of its name. It is built in a val¬ ley formed by two mountains. They reckon in the city of Tocuyo 10,200 inhabitants; 270 miles south-west of Carac¬ cas, and 60 north of Truxillo. Lat. 9. 35. N. long. 72. 40. W.

TOCUYO, a river of South America, which has its rise in the vicinity of Lake Maracaibo, on its eastern side ; 15 leagues south of Carora, upwards of 60 leagues from the Car- ribean sea, into which it is discharged, and 9 leagues east of Coro. It is navigable as far as Banagua, a village situated on its banks at the distance of 40 leagues from its mouth.

TOD, s'. [Mr. G. Chalmers notices tod as Saxon, denot¬ ing a quantity of wool.] A bush ; a thick shrub. Obsolete. Within the ivie tod,,

(There shrouded was tne little god),

I heard a busy bustling. Spenser.

A certain weight of wool, twenty-eight pounds. — Every ’leven wether tods; every tod yields — pound and odd shil¬ ling. Shakspcarc. — A fox : a common word in Scotland, [Mr. Chalmers thinks the animal may have been so named from his bushy tail.]

The wolf, the tod, the brock,

Or other vermin. B. Jonson.

To TOD, v. n. To weigh ; to produce a tod : the word, in the following passage," has been rightly expounded to mean, that the wool of eleven sheep would weigh a tod. Ritsov. — Every ’leven wether tods ; every tod yields — pound and odd shilling. S/ia/cspeare. — Dealers in wool say, twenty sheep ought to tod fifty pounds of wool. Dr. Farmer.

TOD HEAD, a cape on the east coast of Scotland, in the county of Kincardine ; 5 miles south of Stonehaven. Lat. 56. 51. N. long. 2. 11. W.

TODEA. See O'smunda.

TODBERE, a parish of England, in Dorsetshire ; 5 miles south-west-by-west of ShaftsbuFy.

TODBURN, a hamlet of England, in Northumberland j 8| mffes north-west-by-north of Morpeth,

TODD'S FORK, a river of the United States, in Ohio, which joins the Little Miami, 5 miles above Deerfield.

TODDENHAM, a parish of England, in Gloucestershire; 3 miles north-east of Moreton in the Marsh.

TODD1NGTON, or Taddington, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire. If was formerly a market-town, and has. still five annual fairs. Population 1182; 5 miles north-by¬ west of Dunstable, and 39 north-west-by-north of London.

TODDINGTON, a parish of England, in Gloucestershire ; 2k miles north-by-east of Winchcombe.

To TO'DDLE, v. To saunter about: it implies feebleness, quasi tottlc. North. Pegge.

TODDY, s. A tree in the East Indies. — The toddy tree is not unlike the date or palm. Sir T. Herbert. — Liquor extracted from the tree.' — The wine, or toddy, is got by piercing the tree, and putting a jar or pitcher under, so as the liquor may distil into it. Sir T. Herbert. — In low lan¬ guage, a kind of punch, or mixture of spirits and water.

TODERO, Cape St., a promontory on the west coast of Sicily. Lat. 37. 57. N. long. 12. 39. E.

TODI, a very lofty mountain of Switzerland, in the con- ton of Glaris. Its perpendicular elevation is given at 11,700 feet. A road passes over one of its sides, into the country of the Grisons.

TODI, an inland town of Italy, in the State of the Church, near the Tiber. Though small, it is the see of a bishop ; 15 miles west of Spoleto, and 58 north of Rome.

TODLAW, the name of a rising ground in England, in the county of Northumberland, near Elsden, on which are three stone columns, placed in a triangular form 12 feet distant from each other, supposed to have been the sepulchral monument of some eminent Danes. Each column is nearly 12 feet in diameter.

TODMORDEN, a township of England, in Lancashire, being part of the town of Huddersfield ; 8J miles north-north¬ east of Rochdale. Population 3652.

TODOR NOVI, a small town and castle in the north¬ west of European Turkey, in Bosnia, on the Save.

TODOS SANTOS, a large and convenient bay on the coast of Brazil, and province of Bahia. It is 37 miles long from north to south ; its grealest width from east to west is 27 miles, and its circumference is 36. The eastern part of the bay lies in long. 38. 42. W. lat. 12. 42. S. — It is the name also of several inconsiderable settlements in South America.

TODOS SANTOS, Bay of, a deep bay on the coast of New California, or New Albion. Point Grajero, its northern promontory, is situated in lat. 31. 43. N. long. 243. 34. E.

TODUS, or Tody, in Ornithology, a genus of the order picae, the characters of which are, that the bill is awl-shaped, somewhat depressed, obtuse, straight, and at its base beset with bristles ; the nostrils are ovate and small ; the feet are formed for walking; and the outer toe is connected at the base to the middle one.

1. Todus viridis. — Green, with a red breast: the green tody. — Found in the warmer parts of America, and the neighbouring islands.

2. Todus cinereus. — Ash-coloured, with the under part yellow : the tie-tic of Buffon ; the grey and yellow fly¬ catcher of Edwards.-— Found in open places of Surinam and Guiana.

3. Todus fuscus. — Ferruginous, under part olive-coloured, spotted with white ; the tail ferruginous, and wings crossed with a blackish bar.— Found in South America, less than the green.

4. Todus creruleus. — Blueish, with white throat; temples, throat, and abdomen orange. — Found in America, of the size of the green.

5. Todus varies. — Varied with blue, black and green; the bill, head, throat, neck, feet, nails, and tail black; the

margin

TODITS, TRINGA, TROCHILUS, TROGON.

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TOG

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margin of the tail, and the coverts of the wings, green. — Found in India.

6. Todus leucocephalus. — Black, the head subcristated ; throat and upper part of the neck white: white-headed tody of Latham. — Found in America.

7. Todus brachyrus. — Black, the vertex, neck, back, and short tail black : the short-tailed tody of Latham. — Found in America.

8. Todus plumbeus. — Above lead-coloured, hoary, be¬ neath milky ; the crown, wing-feathers, and tail black : plumbeous tody of Latham. — Found in Surinam.

9. Todus obscurus. — Above brown and black, underneath very sordid white, with pale throat: the dusky tody of Pen¬ nant and Latham. — Found in Rhode island.

10. Todus regius. — Black and brown; the breast whitish, striated transversely with blackish; the throat and eye¬ brows white; the abdomen, rump, and tail red; the crest ferruginous at the apex, tipped with black : king tody of Latham.— Found in Cayenne.

11. Todus paradiseus. — Crested head black ; body white; tail wedge-formed; the intermediate tail-feathers very long : pied bird of paradise of Edwards, and paradise fly-catcher of Latham. It has the following varieties; viz., the tody with wings and tail pale-red ; the tody underneath white, the breast from crerulescent to cinereous; and the Brasilian crested tody. — Found in Africa and the island of Mada¬ gascar.

12. Todus ferruginous. — Ferruginous-black, underneath ferruginous; wing-feathers marked with a brown bar; cheeks spotted with black and white: the ferruginous-bellied tody of Latham. — Found in Cayenne.

13. Todus novus, or gularis. — Brown, underneath white ; throat white, and breast spotted with brown, above yellow : white-chinned tody of Latham.

14. Todus platyrhynchos, or rostratus. — Brown-yellow¬ ish, beneath yellow, throat whitish ; vertex lead-coloured, with a white spot upon it ; wings and tail brown ; bill very broad : the broad-billed tody of Latham.

15. Todus macrorhynchos, or nasutus. — Black, bill very broad ; chin, sides of the cheeks, abdomen, vent and rump red : the great-billed tody of Latham.

16. Todus rubecula. — Cinereous, with orange throat and breast, and white abdomen : the red-breasted tody of La¬ tham. — Native of New Holland.

17. Todus xanthogaster, or flavigaster. — Brown-cinere¬ ous, six inches long; beneath luteous, with pale bill: the yellow-bellied tody of Latham. — Native of New Holland.

18. Todus cristatus. — Crest crimson ; body brown, spotted with white. — Found in Guinea.

TODW1CK, a parish of England, West Riding of York¬ shire ; 7j miles south-east-by-south of Rotherham.

TOE, s. [ca, Saxon ; teen, Dutch.] The divided extre¬ mities of the feet ; the fingers of the feet.

Come all you spirits.

And fill me from the crown to the toe, topful

Of direst cruelty. Shakspeare .

TOE HEAD, a cape of Scotland, on the south-west coast of the island of Lewis, in that part called Harris ; 42 miles south-west of Stornoway. Lat. 57. 50. N. long. 7. 5. W.

TOE HEAD, a cape on the south coast of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Lat. 51. 27. N. long. 9. 9. W.

TOELCHUS DE APIE, a district of South America, in the country of Patagonia.

TOELCHUS DE LA CABALLO, a district of South America, in the country of Patagonia.

TOENJOLOKER, a small island in the Eastern Seas. Lat. 5. 30. S. long. 132. 32. E.

TOFO'RE, adv. [topopan, Saxon.] Before. Obsolete. It is an epdogue to make plain Some obscure precedence that hath t of ore been sain.

Shakspeare.

TOFO'RE, prep, [copop, Sax.] Before. Obsolete. — So shall they depart the manor with the corn and the bacon to fore him that bath won it. Spectator.

‘Vol. XXIV. No. 1624.

25

TOFT, s. [ toftum , low Latin ; topt, Su. Goth, fundi pars aedificiis occupata ; toft, Dan. et Scano-Goth. agrorum pars aedificiis vicina. Serenius.~] A place where a mes¬ suage has stood. Cowel.

TOFT, a parish of England, in Cambridgeshire ; 5 miles east of Caxton. — 2. A hamlet in Cheshire ; H mile south of Nether Knutsford. — 3. A hamlet in Lincolnshire; 3| miles west-south- west of Bourne. — 4. A parish in Lincolnshire ; 4j miles west of Market Raisen.

TOFT, Mgnks, or Monacorum, a parish of England, in Cambridgeshire; 11 miles south-west of Great Yarmouth.

TOFTES, or Toftrees, a parish of England, in Nor¬